TCP - IP Model Shubro

TCP / IP Model
Computer Networks
1
Content
s• Introduction to Layers and Protocols.
• OSI Model
• OSI Model layer functioning.
• TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model
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OSI Model
Introduction to OSI – Functions of Seven Layers
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OSI
Model
• Open System Interconnection.
• Firstly introduced in 1970s.
• An open system is a set of protocols that allow any two
different systems to communicate.
• Protocols: Set of rules.
• OSI model itself is not a protocol, it is a model
that define protocols for network communication.
• Seven separate but related layers.
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OSI Model
representation
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Layers in OSI
Model
Functions of Seven Layers
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1. Physical
Layer
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium:
 Define physical transmission medium (Guided or Unguided).
 Interface between devices and transmission medium.
 Representation of bits:
 PL consist of bits (0s and 1s), so, data -> bits ->signals
(electrical or optical).
 Data rate
 Transmission rate (means the number of bits sent
per
second).
 Synchronization of bits:
 Sender and receiver must not receive the same bit rate but
must be at same time (synchronized clock0.
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1. Physical
Layer
 Line configuration:
Connection (point-to-point or multipoint) of devices to
the medium.
 Physical topology:
 Topological Structure (Bus, Star, Mesh etc)
 Transmission mode:
 Simplex, half-duplex or full duplex.
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2. Data Link
Layer
 Framing:
 Arranging bit streams into Data Frames.
 Physical addressing (machine address):
 Add header to the frame to define the sender and receiver of
the data packet.
 Flow Control;
 Not to overload receiver
 Error Control:
 Error Free
 Access Control:
 Which device has access to the link at specific time instance.
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3. Network
Layer
 Source-to-destination delivery
 Logical Addressing (network address)
 Routing
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4. Transport
Layer
 Process-to-process delivery (applications)
 Service-point addressing:
 Send data to the correct process on particular computer.
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Divide into segments and assign sequence number.
 Reassembly at destination according to sequence number.
 Connection control
 Connectionless or connection oriented
 Flow control
 Error control
 Without damage, loss or duplication
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5. Session
Layer
It establish, maintains and synchronize the
interaction among communicating systems.
Dialog control (half-duplex or full duplex at
application level)
 Synchronization
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6. Presentation
Layer
 Semantics and Syntax
 Translation:
 Change the format according receivers end.
 Encryption and Decryption
 Compression
 Reduce the size (Video, audio, images etc)
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7. Application
Layer
 User Interface
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory service (database)
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TCP/IP Model
Introduction – Functioning
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TCP / IP Model
•TCP/IP helps you to determine how a specific
computer should be connected to the internet and
how you can transmit data between them.
•It helps you to create a virtual network when
multiple computer networks are connected together.
•TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol.
• It is specifically designed as a model to offer highly
reliable and end-to-end byte stream over an
unreliable internetwork.
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OSI Model vs TCP/IP Model
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TCP/IP Model: Protocols used on each Layer
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TCP/IP Layer
Functioning
• NETWORK ACCESS LAYER: Doesn’t define any
specific protocol, define physical structure.
• INTERNET LAYER: Supports internetworking
protocol (IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP).
• TRANSPORT LAYER: Responsible for delivery of
message from a process to another process (TCP
and UDP).
• APPLICATION LAYER: Is a combination of Session,
Presentation and Application Layer of OSI Model.
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OSI Model TCP/IP Model
It is developed by ISO (International Standard It is developed by ARPANET (Advanced
Organization) Research Project Agency Network).
OSI model provides a clear distinction between TCP/IP doesn't have any clear distinguishing
interfaces, services, and protocols. points between services, interfaces, and
protocols.
OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol.
OSI uses the network layer to define routing TCP/IP uses only the Internet layer.
standards and protocols.
OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP/IP follows a horizontal approach.
OSI layers have seven layers. TCP/IP has four layers.
In the OSI model, the transport layer is only A layer of the TCP/IP model is both connection-
connection-oriented. oriented and connectionless.
In the OSI model, the data link layer and In TCP, physical and data link are both
physical are separate layers. combined as a single host-to-network layer.
Session and presentation layers are a part of There is no session and presentation layer in
the OSI model. the TCP model.
It is defined after the advent of the Internet. It is defined before the advent of the internet.
The minimum size of the OSI header is 5 bytes. The minimum header size is 20 bytes.
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References
•https://www.guru99.com/difference-tcp-ip-vs-osi-mode
l.html
•https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/co
mparison-osi-tcp-model
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