Actuation System

ACTUATION SYSTEM
•Actuation system are the elements of control system that

are responsible for transforming the output of
microprocessor or control system into controlling action on
a mechanical or device.
• Example; we may have electrical output from the
controller which has to be transformed into a linear
motion to move a load. Might be where an electrical
output from the controller has to be transformed into an
action that controls the amount of liquid passing through
along the pipe.
ACTUATORS
• most of mechatroninics systems involve motion or
action of some sort, this action or motion can be
applied to anything, it is created by a force or
torque that results in acceleration and displacement.
actuators are the devices that produce this motion.
• actuators also modulate the rate and power
associated with this changes. an important aspect of
mechatronics system design is selecting the
appropriate type of actuator.
Power source and a way of transmitting this power to the
point of operation can be done in one of three ways:
• Mechanical;geares,chains,belt and bearings
• Electrical;solenoid,DC motors and AC motors
• Fluid; gas and liquid
Actuators are classified into three systems:
i. Hydraulic systems,
ii. Pneumatic systems, and
iii. Electrical system
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM ACTUATORS
• Hydraulic system uses liquid at high pressure
to supply power, are designed to move large
loads by controlling a high pressure fluid in
distribution lines and pistons with mechanical
or electromechanical valves.
• A hydraulic system consists of
1. Pump, to deliver high pressure fluid
2. A pressure regulator, to limit the pressure in
the system
3. Valves to control flow rates and pressures
4. A distribution system, composed of pipes
5. Actuator to convert compressed liquid
energy to make things move
Hydraulic system diagram
HYDRAULIC PUMP
• Hydraulic pump is usually driven by an electric motor
or internal combustion engine.Typical fluid pressures
generated by pumps used in heavy
equipment(construction and large industrial
machines).
• The fluid selected must have the following properties;
-good lubrication to prevent wear in moving
components
-corrosion resistance
-incompressibility to provide rapid response.
APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR
• Are used in drives of machine tools, rolling

mills, road and building machines, transport
and agricultural machines,
• Heavy Plant
– Steel press
• Mobile Systems
– Steering, brakes
Earth heavy press
In brakes
When the brake pedal is pressed as illustrated in
figure, the hydraulic pressure is transmitted to
the piston in the brake caliper of the brakes.
The pressure forces the brake pads against the brake

rotor, which is rotating with the wheel. The
friction between the brake pad and the rotor
causes the wheel to slow down and then stop.
Advantage
• High power - to weight ratio
• Does not need lubrication
• No additional cooling system needed
• Easy to control speed
• High stiffness of cylinders – load can stopped at any position
Disadvantage:
• Large infrastructure (high-pressure pump, tank, lines)
• Potential fluid leak
• Vibration
• Expensive maintenance
• Characteristics liquid change with temperature and moisture
Hydraulic jack
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
• Pneumtic actuators are similar to hydraulic
actuator but they use compressed air as the
working fluid rather than hydraulic fluid.
• Pneumatic system composed of ;A
Compressor used to provide pressurized
air,prssure regulator and control valve and
actuator
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
• A Pneumatic systems are open system, always
processing new air while Hydraulic systems
are closed system always recirculating the
same oil.
• This behaviour of pneumatic system
eliminates the need for net work of return
lines.
Pneumatic applications
– Robot grippers
– Movement of parts
– Assembly operation
– Subsea
Advantage
• Constant force
• Possible light, mobile pneumatic systems
• Fast system response
• Low cost and easy to install
• Clean and easy to maintain
Disadvantage:
• Low power densities
• Difficult to achieve position control (compressible air)
• Noisy
• Limited use with larger actuators
Valves
•Valves are devices used both in hydraulic and pneumatic
systems to control the direction, pressure and flow of the
fluids (air or oil) in a system.
•Hydraulic systems are high pressure systems while
pneumatic are low pressure systems
•Then, hydraulic valves are made of strong materials (e.g.
steel) and precisely manufactured, while pneumatic valves
are made from cheaper materials (e.g. aluminum and
polymer) and are cheaper to manufacture.
Types of Valves
1. Directional control valves

2. Pressure control valves
3. Process control valves
Directional control valves
• Determine the passage and the flow of fluid

by means of appropriate moving parts
contained in them actuated from the outside.
These valves use sliding piston or spool.
TYPES OF DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES.
•-spool valves
•-poppet valves
• -SPOOL VALVES; A spool moves horizontally within
the same body to control the flow. When the spool is
moved to the left, the air supply is cut off and port 2 is
connected to port 3. Port 3 is a vent to the atmosphere
and so the air pressure in the system attached to port 2
which is vertical, thus the movement of the spool has
allowed the air to firstly to flow into the system and then
be reversed to flow out of the system
• -POPPET VALVES; A poppet valve (also called
mushroom valve is a valve typically used to control
the timing and quantity of gas or vapour flow into
an engine. It consists of a hole, usually round or
oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the
end of a shaft also called a valve stem. The shaft
guides the plug portion by sliding through a
valve guide. In most applications a pressure
differential helps to seal the valve and in some
applications also open it.
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
•Pressure control valves are found in every

hydraulic system, where they acts as safety
devices
TYPES OF PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
1. Pressure relief valves

• The relief valve (RV) is a type of valve used to
control or limit the pressure in a system or
vessel which can build up by a process upset,
instrument or equipment failure, or fire. Are the
most common type of pressure control valves
used in hydraulics, it is always that pressure in
the hydraulic should not increase the design
limit of the components in hydraulic system.
1.Pressure reducing valves
•Pressure reducing valves are used to attain low
pressure in hydraulic system where required,
pressure reducing valve shown below:
1. Sequence valves
• A Sequence valves is a valve that used in
hydraulic system that used to control various
operation in sequence/order for example: is
used for sequencing of two cylinders to
perform drilling operations. One cylinder
clamps the workpiece and the other cylinder
perform drilling operation
1. Counterbalance valves
• A counterbalance valve is a valve that
maintains control of a vertical cylinder to
prevent it from falling freely because of gravity
or due to load attached to it. It allows free
flow of fluid in one direction and maintains a
resistance to flow in another direction until a
certain pressure is reached
Cylinders
•Are linear actuators which convert fluid power
into mechanical power
•Hydraulic cylinders are used at high pressures
and produces large forces and precise movement
for this reasons they are constructed of strong
materials such as steel to withstand a large forces
Types of cylinders
1. SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER;
Is a cylinder in which air or liquid pressure is
applied to the movable elements (piston) in only
one direction.
2. DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

Is a cylinder in which air or liquid pressure is
applied to the movable elements (piston) in both
direction.
SINGLE ACTING CYLINDERS
• PISTON CYLINDERS:
• SPRING RETURN CYLINDERS:
Is a cylinder in which spring returns the piston
assembly.
• RAM CYLINDERS:
• Is a cylinder in which the movable element is
the piston rod
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDRES
• DOUBLE ROD
• Double acting cylinder with a piston rod
extending from each end. The piston rods are
connected to the same position. Double rod
cylinder provides equal force and speed in
both directions.
Piston rod on both side
Rotary actuator system
• Rotary actuators provide rotary motion by
means of hydraulic system.One type of rotary
actuator,called GEAR MOTOR,is simply a gear
pump.some of examples are;
Hydraulic Motors
A motor is a rotary actuator that rotates
in a full circle.
They convert hydraulic energy to
mechanical rotation energy
Types
Gear motors
Vane motors
Piston motors
• Parallel piston rotary
• Rack-and-pinion piston-type rotary actuator
• Limited angle rotary actuator

Actuation System

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ACTUATION SYSTEM

•Actuation system are the elements of control system that

• Are used in drives of machine tools, rolling

The pressure forces the brake pads against the brake

1. Directional control valves

• Determine the passage and the flow of fluid

•Pressure control valves are found in every

1. Pressure relief valves

2. DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

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