ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY – ILAGAN CAMPUS

Collage of Engineering, Architecture & Technology

SPECIFICATION WRITING
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - 04 PROGRAMMED COURSE

INSTRUCTOR: Arch. V. G. Guntayon Jr, RMP

1. Estimating
Construction Estimates
 
Is simply the process of predicting and planning the expenses of any given construction project, The final
product is usually a document or presentation of some kind that lays out, in detail, what you plan to do,
what materials you’ll use, and how much it’s going to cost.
 
Estimating the ultimate cost of a project requires the integration of many variables. These variables fall
into either direct field costs or indirect field costs.
 
The indirect field costs are also referred to as general conditions or project overhead costs in building
construction. The direct field costs are the material, labor, equipment, or subcontracted items that are
permanently and physically integrated into the building. For example, the labor and materials for the
foundation of the building would be a direct field cost.
 
The indirect field costs are the cost for the items that are required to support the field construction efforts.
For example, the project site office would be a general conditions cost. In addition, factors such as weather,
transportation, soil conditions, labor strikes, material availability, and subcontractor availability need to be
integrated into the estimate.
Construction Estimator
A person that is responsible for determining the total quantity and cost of a construction project, it involves
validating the project’s Scope of Work. The Scope of Work is a document that lays out the entirety of work that
needs to be done in order to complete the building project. The scope documents, along with the building plans or
the working drawings and specfictions, give an estimator a place to start for compiling a list of materials, called a
quantity takeoff that will be needed to construct the building.
 
4 key Types of Estimate
 Preliminary Estimate - Preliminary estimates are also called rough or approximate
estimates, this is because they are not final—they give a ballpark idea of how much a
project will cost. A preliminary estimate is made at the very commencement of a project
when there’s partial data available. A very early preliminary estimate is called a
screening estimate and is usually based on information from similar projects done in
the past.
 Detailed Estimate - A detailed estimate is drawn up when there’s more information
available or the scope of the project is better known. Detailed estimates include
incredibly detailed information on quantities, costs and rates thus, all items necessary
to complete the project is defined. All the line items are added together to reach the
final cost.
 Quantity Estimate - A quantity estimate includes a list of quantities for all materials
needed to complete a project. Its purpose is to give the client a complete list of all the
quantities required for the project and what the cost will be for each quantity. It is a key
estimating method in construction.
 Bid Estimate - A bid estimate is submitted to a potential client in hopes of winning a
project.
Types of Estimate (Frank R. Dagostino Steven J. Peterson Weber State University, Estimating in Building Construction
7th ed. - F. dagostino, S. Peterson (Pearson, 2011) BBS)
 Detailed Estimate
The detailed estimate includes determination of the quantities and costs of everything that is required to complete the
project. This includes materials, labor, equipment, insurance, bonds, and overhead, as well as an estimate of the profit.
 Assembly Estimating
In assembly estimating, rather than bidding each of the individual components of the project, the estimator bids the
components in groups known as assemblies.
• Square-Foot Estimates
Square-foot estimates are prepared by multiplying the square footage of a building by a cost per square foot and then
adjusting the price to compensate for differences in the building heights, length of the building perimeter, and other
building components. In some cases, a unit other than square footage is used to measure the size of the building.
 Model Estimating
Model estimating uses computer models to prepare an estimate based on a number of questions answered by the
estimator. Model-based estimating uses a 3D model instead of the traditional 2D drawings to extract quantities and
develop a project cost estimate.

• Parametric Estimates

Parametric estimating is a statistics-based technique to calculate the expected amount of financial resources or time that
is required to perform and complete a project, an activity or a portion of a project.
2. Quantity Surveying
For the most part, it deals with managing and controlling various aspects of construction. It gives an understanding of the
technical elements of construction over the life cycle of the facility or building, it covers a wide variety of construction activities
such as tendering, value management, change control, cost estimation and claims management.
Quantity Surveyor

Quantity surveyors have roles to play from pre design to post construction, they examines plans prepared by specific field of
professionals such as architects and engineers, distinguished the expenses involved throughout project delivery and turnover,
and then defined a general assessed budget plan in each trade or task in a project.
 
The key differences between estimators and quantity surveyors include:

The projects they take on. Quantity surveyors are frequently engaged with larger and more complex projects. They are
often contacted to handle large projects for the public and private sectors. While this isn’t necessarily always the case,
estimators are more frequently engaged with residential and smaller commercial projects.

The priorities they have. The main priority of an estimator is to provide cost estimations for that are accurate and timely,
with the goal of helping their clients win tenders. On the other hand, a quantity surveyor’s main priority is to provide the Bill of
Quantities (BOQ), which details the quantities of materials and labour required to complete the project. The BOQ assists in
resolving any potential discrepancies between tender documents, which helps tenderers prepare a fair and accurate
calculation of construction costs.

The role they play. Quantity surveyors typically provide support before, during and after the life of a construction project.
Alternatively, estimators are mostly involved before a project begins (i.e. in the tendering phase). During this phase, estimators
must create a cost summary presentation based on labour, material and feasibility requirements.
Requirements for Estimating and Quantity Surveying
Depending on the type of estimation each one will follow, there are few requirements required to best perform this activity, such
requirements includes:
To be able to do quantity takeoffs/estimation, the estimator must:
 
 Be able to read and quantify plans.
 Have knowledge of mathematics and a keen understanding of geometry. Most measurements and computations are made in linear
feet, square feet, square yards, Cubic feet, and cubic yards. The quantities are usually multiplied by a unit price to calculate material
costs.
 
 Have the patience and ability to do careful, thorough work.
 Be computer literate and use computer takeoff programs such as On-Screen Takeoff or Pay dirt. To be an estimator, an individual
needs to go a step further. He or she must
 Be able, from looking at the drawings, to visualize the project through its various phases of construction. In addition, an estimator must
be able to foresee problems, such as the placement of equipment or material storage, then develop a solution and determine its
estimated cost.
 
 Have enough construction experience to possess a good knowledge of job conditions, including methods of handling materials on the
job, the most economical methods of construction, and labor productivity. With this experience, the estimator will be able to visualize
the construction of the project and thus get the most accurate estimate on paper.
 
 Have sufficient knowledge of labor operations and productivity to thus convert them into costs on a project. The estimator must
understand how much work can be accomplished under given conditions by given crafts. Experience in construction and a study of
 Be able to keep a database of information on costs of all kinds, including those of labor, material, project
overhead, and equipment, as well as knowledge of the availability of all the required items.
 Be computer literate and know how to manipulate and build various databases and use spreadsheet programs
and other estimating software.
 Be able to meet bid deadlines and still remain calm. Even in the rush of last-minute phone calls and the
competitive feeling that seems to electrify the atmosphere just before the bids are due, estimators must “keep
their cool.”
 Have good writing and presentation skills. With more bids being awarded to the best bid, rather than the
lowest bid, being able to communicate what your company has to offer, what is included in the bid, and selling
your services is very important. It is also important to communicate to the project superintendent what is
included in the bid, how the estimator planned to construct the project, and any potential pitfalls.
3. Construction Specification and Working Drawings
The principal materials upon which are based the computation and calculation of bill of materials and quantities
are primarily the construction working drawing and construction specifications.
The Working drawings usually contain information relative to the design, location, dimensions, and
construction of the project, a graphical presentation that enables readers to visualize how the project is to be
constructed.
While the Specification as part of project manual is a written supplement to the drawings and includes
information pertaining to materials and workmanship, as well as information about the bidding process. The
working drawings and the specification constitute the majority of the contract documents, define the scope of
work, and must be considered together when preparing an estimate. The two complement each other, and they
often overlap in the information they convey. The bid submitted must be based on the scope work provided by
the owner or the architect.
The Following are the standard drawings included in the construction plans or working drawing required to
accurately quantify construction projects.
 The Following are the standard drawings included in the construction plans or working drawing required to
accurately quantify construction projects.
 
1. Architectural Plans and Documents
 Perspective (Interior and Exterior)
 Site Development and Vicinity Map
 Floor plans, Elevations and detailed Sections
 Finishes and other Notable Building Features

1. Structural Plans and Documents

 Foundation Plan
 Column and Beam Details
 Schedules of Structural Elements
 Roof/Roof framing and other structural framing details

1. Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Electronic plans, and other supplementary plans.
4. The Estimate
1. Organization - The estimator must maintain a high degree of organization throughout the estimate development stage. A
well-organized estimate improves the probability of getting the work, facilitating the actual work in the field, and completing the
work within budget. The organization required includes a plan for completing the estimate and maintaining complete and up-to
date files.
2. Notebook - should be kept for each estimate prepared. The notebook should be broken down into several areas:
The workup sheets, summary sheets, errors and omissions sheets, proposals received from subcontractors,
proposals received from material suppliers and manufacturers’ representatives, and notes pertaining to the project.
Also, a listing of all calls made to the architect/engineer should be kept together, specifying who called, who was contacted
at the architect/engineer’s office, the date of the call, and what was discussed. The notebook should be neat and easy to read
and understand.
3. Site Investigation - It is often required by the contract documents that the contractor visit the site and attend a pre-bid
conference. The importance of the visit and the items to be checked vary depending on the type of the project and its location.
4. The Estimate

(Source: Frank R. Dagostino Steven J. Peterson Weber State University, Estimating in Building Construction 7th ed.
- F. dagostino, S. Peterson (Pearson, 2011) BBS)
4. Work Up Sheets - The estimator uses two basic types of manual takeoff sheets: the workup sheet and the summary
sheet. The workup sheet can be a variety of forms contingent upon what is being quantified.
5. Summary Sheets - All costs contained on the workup sheets are condensed, totaled, and included on the summary sheet. All items of labor,
equipment, material, plant, overhead, and profit must likewise be included. The workup sheets are often summarized into summary sheets that cover
a particular portion of the project.
5. Computers in Estimating
Benefits and dangers of computerized estimating - Computerized estimating offers many benefits to the estimator.
When set up and used properly, computerized estimating can increase the efficiency of the estimating process.
The following are some of the benefits of computerized estimating:
 Computerized estimating can reduce calculation errors, which gives the estimator a more accurate cost for the
project.
 Computerized estimating increases the speed at which the estimate is prepared by performing the math that the
estimator would have to do. T
 Many computerized estimating packages allow the estimator to track where the quantities came from.
 Computerized estimating allows the estimator to quickly change a price or a productivity rate and get an
instantaneous change in the project’s cost.
The first danger is to turn the thinking over to the computer, making the estimator nothing more than a data-entry
person.
The second danger is to use the software for a project that it was not designed to estimate. When using estimating
software, it is important for estimators to understand the intended use and limitation of the software.
Estimating software can be divided into three broad categories:
 Spreadsheets - Spreadsheet software, such as Microsoft Excel, is a powerful tool for the construction estimator. Its usage ranges from
simple spreadsheets that are used to add up quantities to complex spreadsheets that take hundreds of hours to develop and continue
evolving over time. Spreadsheets are often used to augment specialized estimating software packages.
 
 Specialized estimating software – (such as WinEst or Timberline) - These estimating software packages use a spreadsheet layout for the
estimate, similar to what you would see in Excel (Figure 5.1), and combine it with a database (Figure 5.2). The spreadsheet layout displays
the costs associated with each bid item in table format. These items are selected from items in the database.
 
 Takeoff software - allows the user to determine the estimate quantities from an electronic set of drawings.
Software such as On-Screen Takeoff allows the user to determine the lengths, areas, and volumes (Figure 5.4)
of the different components in a building project. Other packages are designed for specific trades.
 
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR YOUR CONCRETE MIX:

• Using Volumetric, Area and Direct Counting Method

1.Determine the volume of concrete you will need.

2.Determine your concrete mix class.

Your concrete’s compressive strength depends on your material’s mixture and proportions. You should select your concrete mix
class according to where you will use the concrete. Here’s a basic table for the concrete mixture class with their corresponding use
and application.

Local hardware stores have commercially-available Portland cement bags in two variants: 40kg and 50kg quantities. The number of
cement bags you will need per mix will depend on the variant you’ve chosen.

3. Based on your concrete mix class and cement bag quantity, multiply your volume with the corresponding values from the concrete
proportion table:

4. Determine your Portland cement bag quantity.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Compute for the quantity of 40kg cement bags, sand and gravel needed for a class “A” mixture slab that is 3 meters long, 2 meters wide and 0.150 meters thick.

SOLUTION

1.Compute for the volume of concrete mix:

Volume = Length * Width * Height

V = 3m * 2m * 0.150m
V = 0.90m3 (wet volume)

2.Determine the concrete mix class and Portland cement bags specified:

Specified concrete mix class = Class “A”

3.Determine the concrete mix class and Portland cement bags specified:

Specified Portland cement bag = 40kg

4.Match and compute for the quantity of sand, gravel and cement according to the concrete proportion table:

Quantity of 40 kg Cement Bags = Volume * Cement multiplier for a Class "A" in 40kg bags
= 0.90m3 * 9
= 8.1 bags say 9 bags

Quantity of Sand = Volume * Sand multiplier for a Class “A” mix

= 0.90m3 * .5 or 0.90m3/2
= 0.45m3

Quantity of Gravel = Volume * Gravel multiplier for a Class “A” mix

= 0.90m3 * 1
= 0.90m3
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE QUANTITY OF CHB FOR YOUR CONCRETE WALL:
The easiest way to estimate CHB quantity is by the Area Method. A piece of standard concrete hollow block (CHB) has a surface area of 0.08 m 2. In accordance to this,
a one square meter area will require 12.5 pcs of CHB.
1m2 / 0.08m2 = 12.5 pcs of CHB

1.`Determine your initial wall area:

Determine the area of your wall. The formula for a square wall is Length * Height.
Square Wall Area = Length * Height

Make sure to take into consideration the often overlooked information that will affect the area of your wall – for example, the depth of your beam or the
underground foundation CHB.

2.Determine door and window areas:

Determine if there are any openings in your wall – e.g. windows or doors. If there are, get the total area of the openings.

3.Get your total wall area:

Subtract your total openings with the initial area of your wall.
Total Wall Area = Initial Wall Area – Total Wall Opening Area

4.Multiply your total wall area by 12.5, the number of pieces needed for a 1m 2 wall:

No. of CHB = Total Wall Area * 12.5

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Compute for the quantity of 8” concrete hollow blocks (CHB) needed for a wall that is 3 meters high and 5 meters long with a door that is 2.1 meter high and 0.6 meter wide and a
window that is 0.6 meter wide and 1 meter high.

SOLUTION

1.Determine your initial wall area:

Square Wall Area = Length * Height

= 5m * 3m
= 15m2

2.Determine door and window areas:

Door Area = 2.1m * 0.6m

= 1.26m2

Window Area = 1m * 0.6m

= 0.6m2

Total Opening Area = 1.26m2 + 0.6m2

= 1.86m2
3.Get your total wall area:

Total Wall Area = Initial Wall Area – Total Wall Opening Area
= 15m2 – 1.86m2
= 13.14m2

4.Divide your total wall area by 12.5, the number of pieces needed for a 1m 2 wall:

No. of CHB = 13.14m2 * 12.5

= 164.25 pcs of CHB
~ 165 pcs. of CHB
HOW TO CALCULATE FOR QUANTITY OF STEEL BARS FOR A CONCRETE INDEPENDENT FOOTING:

1.Determine the length, width and underground protective covering of your concrete footing:

Determine the following information based on the design of the your concrete footing.

2.Determine the cut length of one reinforcement bar:

From the information gathered, get the cut length of footing reinforcement bar. If the dimensions of the footing's length and width are different, get both cut lengths.

Cut LengthL = Footing Length - (Underground Protective Covering * 2)

Cut LengthW = Footing Width - (Underground Protective Covering * 2)

3.Determine the steel bar commercial length to be used and the number of cuts that can be made per steel bar:

Steel bars are usually commercially available in five(5) lengths: 6m, 7.5m, 9m, 10.5m and 12m. In order to calculate the quantity of steel bars to be ordered, we need
to determine how many cuts can be made in a piece of steel bar.

No. of Cuts Per Steel Bar = Steel Bar Commercial Length / Cut Length L

No. of Cuts Per Steel Bar = Steel Bar Commercial Length / Cut Length W
 If the quotient is not a whole number, it means the commercial length selected is not divisible with the cut length. This will result in extra cuts. In order to avoid excess cuts, select a
commercial length that is divisible by the cut length.

For example, if your cut length is 2.5 meters, a 6 meter long steel bar will produce an excess cut of 1 meter.
No. of Cuts Per Steel Bar = Steel Bar Commercial Length / Cut Length

= 6m / 2.5

= 2.4 - Commercial Length is not divisible by the Cut Length and would therefore produce an excess cut (1 meter excess).

However, if you select a 7 meter long steel bar, no excess cuts will be produced.

No. of Cuts Per Steel Bar = Steel Bar Commercial Length / Cut Length

= 7 / 2.5

= 3 - Commercial Length is divisible by the Cut Length would not produce an excess cut.

3. Determine the specified bar spacing or, if already provided, the number of bar cuts of your footing:

Unless specified in the drawings, the total number of bar cuts you will need for the footing will depend on the specified spacing of the footing.

Total Number of CutsL = (Footing Length / Specified Bar Spacing) + 1

Total Number of CutsW = (Footing Width / Specified Bar Spacing) + 1

4. Get the number of steel bars to be ordered:

Number of Steel BarsL = Total Number of CutsL / No. of Cuts Per Steel BarL

Number of Steel BarsW = Total Number of CutsW / No. of Cuts Per Steel BarW
Total of Steel Bars to be ordered = Number of Steel Bars L + Number of Steel BarsW
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Compute for the quantity of steel bars needed for an independent footing that is 1500mm
long and 1000mm wide, with the following given specification:

Protective Cover = 75mm

Bar Spacing = 200mm O.C.

SOLUTION

1.Determine the length, width and underground protective covering of your

concrete footing:

Footing Length = 1500mm

Footing Width = 1000mm
Protective Cover = 75mm

2.Determine the cut length of one reinforcement bar:

Cut Length = Footing Length - (Underground Protective Covering * 2)

= 1500mm - (75mm * 2)
= 1350mm

Cut Length = Footing Width - (Underground Protective Covering * 2)

= 1000mm - (75mm * 2)
= 850mm
3. Determine the steel bar commercial length to be used and the number of cuts that can be 5. Get the number of steel bars to be ordered:
made per steel bar:
Number of Steel BarsL = Total Number of CutsL / No. of Cuts Per Steel BarL
For both cut lengths, the commercial length that would produce the least wastage is the 6m long
steel bar. = 8pcs. X .85m /6
= 1.13 pcs say 2
No. of Cuts Per Steel Bar = Steel Bar Commercial Length / Cut LengthL = 2 pcs. of 6m long steel bars are needed.

= 6000mm / 1350mm
= 4.44 ~ 4 pcs. per 6m steel bar
Number of Steel BarsW = Total Number of CutsW / No. of Cuts Per Steel BarW

No. of Cuts Per Steel Bar = Steel Bar Commercial Length / Cut LengthW = 6pcs. X 1.35m/6
= 1.35pcs say 2 pcs
= 6000mm / 850mm = 2 pcs of 6m long steel bars are needed.
= 7.05 ~ 7 pcs. per 6m steel bar

4. Determine the specified bar spacing or, if already provided, the number of bar cuts of your
footing: Total of Steel Bars to be ordered = Number of Steel BarsL + Number of Steel
BarsW
Total Number of CutsL = (Footing Length / Specified Bar Spacing) + 1
= 2pcs. + 2pcs
= (1500mm / 200mm) + 1 = 4 pcs. of 6m long steel bars.
= 8.5 ~ 8 pcs. of 850mm long steel bars
Min. Acceptable Length
Std. Length (m)
Total Number of CutsW = (Footing Width / Specified Bar Spacing) + 1 (m)
= (1000mm / 200mm) + 1 6.0 5.960
= 6 pcs. of 1350mm long steel bars
7.5 7.453
9.0 8.935
10.5 10.440
Source: https://veriaconcyclopedia.com/v/revu
 HOW TO CALCULATE FOR PAINT WORKS

The Manual Way

If you want to check your paint calculations, you can use the manual way, using the mano-
mano formula:
((height x width) / coverage)) x number of coats

Sample Calculation of a Wall

Let’s say your ceiling height is 5 meters and the width of the wall is 10 meters. if you want to use Boysen
Permacoat Latex to paint your concrete wall, you will see from the product description that the product
coverage is 25 square meters. Assume further that you will paint 2 coats. 
((5 meters x 10 meters) / 25 square meters)) x 2 coats
= (50 / 25) gallons x 2 coats
= 2 gallons x 2 coats
= 4 gallons
This means that for one coat, you would need 2 gallons/coat. But if you want to make two coats, then you
would be needing 4 gallons for the whole DIY project. 
Since 1 gallon = 4 liters, you will be needing 16 liters to complete your project, 
4 gallons x 4 liters = 16 liters
The Boysen paint packaging available are 1-liter, 4-liter and 16-liter cans. It is best to buy all the paint you
need for a room before you start your DIY project. This is to make sure that the paint color is consistent for
the whole area you’re working on!

https://www.myboysen.com/estimate-the-amount-of-paint/
HOW TO CALCULATE FOR TILE WORKS
Tile flooring process at glance,

•First, we need to fill the flooring area with cement mortar (1:4 ratio) at a minimum thickness (50 mm). we may increase the thickness of the
cement sand mortar to adjust the height of the floor.
•Second, we lay the tiles on the cement, sand mortar.
Assume we are going to estimate the cost of tile laying for the below room (Figure.)
Tile Calculation

From the figure,

Size of the room = 4 m × 3 m
Size of the tile     = 0.3 m × 0.3 m Ceramic tiles

Solution:

4mx3m = 12 sq.m
= 12 sq.m/.09 sq.m
= 133.33 say 134 pcs

Recommended Grout Spacing: 3-4mm

kg Grout: (5 SQM / 2 KG BAG)
kg Adhesive: (6 SQM / 25 KG BAG)

Grout = 12 sq.m / 5 SQM per 2 KG BAG = 2.4 bags say 3 bags or 6 kg

Adhessive = 12 sq.m / 6 SQM per 25 KG BAG = 2 bags or 50 kg
Mortar calculation for tile flooring

From the Figure,

Wet Volume of the cement mortar required = Area of the room × Cement Mortar Thickness
                                                                    = 12 m2 × 0.05 m

Wet Volume of the cement mortar required = 0.6 m 3

We need 1.5 m3 volume of wet cement mortar that means, we need this much volume after adding water to cement and sand mix. 
Dry volume of mortar is considered as 25% of more of wet volume.

In order to calculate the dry volume, 

          Dry Volume of cement mortar = 0.6 m3 X (1+0.25)
                                                           = 0.6 m3 X 1.25

    Dry Volume of cement mortar  = 0.75 m3

Cement and Sand Calculation

Calculate cement and sand for tile flooring, (1:4 ratio)

                             1 Cement : 4 Sand = Dry Volume of Cement Mortar
    1 part of cement : 4 part of sand    = 0.75 m3  (Total 5 parts)
                                   So,  Cement     = 0.75 m3 /5
                                                            = 0.15 m3
                 We know 1 bag of cement = 0.035 m3
                      Required Cement Bags = 0.15 / 0.035
                                                            = 4.29 Bags say 5 bag
                   Required Cement Bags = 5 Bags
                          So, Required Sand    = (0.75 m3 / 5) X 4
                         Required Sand         = 0.6 m3
Therefore,
We need 4.3 Cement Bags, 0.6 m3 Sand and 133 number of tiles required for the room shown in Figure
Tile Flooring Cost Estimation Example,

Materials Quantity Rate (currency) Cost

Tile 134 55 / sq.ft 7315

Cement 5 350 / bag 1505
Sand 0.6 1450 / m3 870

Total
9690
Amount
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE QUANTITY OF DECORATIVE BLOCKS FOR YOUR PROJECT:

1.Determine the surface area of the decorative block:

Decorative blocks come in different designs and sizes. Get the right dimensions from the material supplier in order to accurately compute
for the number of blocks you will need.

2.Determine the area of the wall or floor where the decorative block will be applied.

3.Divide the surface area of your decorative block with your floor or wall area.

Total No. of Decorative Blocks = Wall and Floor Area / Decorative Block Surface Area

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Compute for the quantity of square decorative blocks, with dimensions 100mm x 180mm, needed for a wall that is 1.5
meters high and 1 meters long.

SOLUTION

1.Determine the surface area of the decorative block:

Decorative Block Area = Length * Height

= (100mm/1000) * (180mm/1000)
= 0.18m2
2.Determine the area of the wall or floor where the decorative block will be applied:

Wall Area = Length * Height

= 1.5m * 1m
= 1.5m2

3.Divide the surface area of your decorative block with your floor or wall area.

Total No. of Decorative Blocks = Wall and Floor Area / Decorative Block Surface Area
= 1.5m2 / 0.18m2
= 8.33 pcs
~ 9 pcs. of decorative bocks