Chapter 1

Trigonometric Leveling

Prepared by:
Subject:- Surveying III SURAJ RAYAMAJHI CENTRAL ENGINEERING CAMPUS
(Diploma in Civil Engineering)
05/20/2021
 Trigonometric Leveling
• Trigonometric leveling is the process of
determining the different elevation of station from
observed vertical angle and known distance.
• The vertical angle are measured by means of
theodolite.
• The horizontal distance may either measured or
computed.
• Relative heights are calculated using
trigonometric formula.

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 • If the distance between the instrument
station and object is small, correction of
earth curvature and reflection is not
required.
• If the distance between the instrument station
and object is large the combined correction =
0.0673 D2, for earth’s curvature and
reflection is required, were D = distance in
Km.
• If the vertical angle is +ve, the correction
is taken as +ve.
• If the vertical angle is –ve, the correction
is taken as –ve.
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 Methods of Observation
• There are two method of observation
in trigonometric leveling.

1 • Direct method

2 • Reciprocal
method
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 1. Direct Method
• This method is useful where it is not possible to
set the instrument over the station, whose
elevation is to be determine.
• Ex: To determine the height of the tower.
• In this method the instrument is set on the station
on the ground whose elevation is known.
• If the distance between two point is so large,
combined correction = 0.0673 D2 for earth
curvature and refraction is required. (D in Km)

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 2. Reciprocal Method
• In this method the instrument is set on each of
the two station alternatively and observation
are taken.
• Difference in elevation between two station
A and B is to be determine.
• First set the instrument on A and take
observation of B then set the instrument on
B and take the observation of A.

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 Method of determining the elevation of
a point by theodolite
• There are main three cases to determine the
R.L of any point.
• Case : 1 :- Base of Object accessible.
• Case : 2 :- Base of object inaccessible,
instrument station in the vertical plane as
the elevated object.
• Case : 3 :- Base of the object inaccessible ,
instrument stations not in the same
vertical plane as the elevated object.

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 Case : 1 :- Base of Object accessible.

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 • Here
• A = Instrument station
• B = Point to be observed
• h = Elevation of B from the instrument axis
• D = horizontal distance between A and the base of
object
• h1 = height of the instrument
• Bs = Reading of staff kept on BM
• α = Angle of elevation

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 Case : 2 :- Base of object inaccessible,
instrument station in the vertical plane as the
elevated object.
• When it is not possible to measure the
horizontal distance between the instrument
station and the base of the object, this
method is employed to determine the R.L
of the object.
• There may be two case
A. Instrument axis at the same level
B. Instrument axis at the different level
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 A. Instrument axis at the same level

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 B. Instrument axis at dif erent level
• In the field it is difficult to keep the height of
the instrument at the same level.
• The instrument is set at the different station and
height of the instrument axis in both the cases
is taken by back sight on B.M.
• There are main two cases
1. Height of the instrument axis nearer to
the object is lower.
2. Height of the instrument axis near to the
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 1. Height of the instrument
axisn earer to the object is
lower.

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 2. Height of the instrument axis near
to the object is higher.

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 Case : 3 :- Base of the object inaccessible , instrument
stations not in the same vertical plane as the elevated object.

• Let A and B be the two instrument station

not in tha same vertical plane as that of P.

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 • Select a two station A and B on leveled ground
and measure b as horizontal distance between
them.
• Set the instrument at A and level it.
• Set the vertical vernier 00.
• Bring the altitude bubble at the center and take a
back sight hs on the staff and kept at B.M.
• Measure the angle of elevation α1 to P.
• Measure the horizontal angle at A,

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 • Shift the instrument to B and measure the angle of
elevation α2 to P.
• Measure the horizontal angle at B as α.
• α1 = angle of elevation from A to P
• α2 = angle of elevation from A to P
• θ = Horizontal angle BAC at station A
• α = Horizontal angle CBA at station B
• h1 = PP1 = height of the object P from instrument axis of A.
• h2 = PP2 = height of the object P from instrument axis of B.

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 • Now,
• h1 = AC tanα1
• h2 = BC tanα2
• Values of Ac and BC are obtained from equation (1) and
(2) as above
• R.L of P = height of the instrument axis at A + h1
or
• R.L of P = height of the instrument axis at B + h2
• Height of the instrument axis at A = R.L of B.M + B.S
• Height of the instrument axis at B = R.L of B.M + B.S

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 Example : 1
• Calculate reduce level of the top of the
tower from the following data.
Instrument Reading on
Vertical angle
station B.M
A 1.75m 150
B 2.10m 110

• R.L of B.M is 100.0m and observation are

taken with the line of sight horizontal. AB =
50 m A, B and the top of lower are in the
same vertical plane.
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 Example : 2
• To obtain R.L of top of a ten storeyed building
following observation were taken.

Instrument Reading Vertical R.L of

station of B.M angle B.M
A 2.625 m 190 48’ 500 m
B 1.510 m 140 25’ 500 m

• distance between A and B is 50 m A, B,

B.M and the building are in same vertical
plane.
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 Example : 3
• In trigonometric levelling, calculate the R.L
of the top of the tower from the following
data.Instrument Reading on Angle of
Elevation of Remarks
station B.M
top of Tower
A 1.55 150 24’ R.L of B.M = 100
1.53 150 42’ m Distance AB =
B 30 m
• Horizontal angle at A, between B and tower
= 750 24’
• Horizontal angle at B, between A and tower
= 860 36’
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 Example : 4
• A theodolite was setup at a distance of 130 m
from a tower. The angle of elevation to the
top was 70 6’ and the angle of depression to
the bottom was 20 30’. If the R.L of
Instrument axis is 100, find R.L of top and
Bottom of tower.

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 Example : 6
• In trigonometric leveling following observations
were taken for top of vertical cliff.
Instrument Reading on Vertical Remark
station B.M angle to top
of cliff
A 1.40 150 R.L of B.M = 50 m
B 1.40 140 AB =
• If the top of the cliff and both instrument station
30

are in same vertical plane, find the horizontal

distance between cliff and A also find R.L of the
top of cliff.

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 Example : 7 (March
2010)
• An instrument was setup at P and the angle of
elevation of the top of an electric pole QR was
2503’. The horizontal distance between P and
Q , the foot of the pole is 500 m. Determine
the R.L of the top of the pole, if the staff
reading held on B.M (R.L 100.00m) was
3.532 m with the telescope in horizontal
plane.

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 Example : 8 (Dec
2010)
• A theodolite was setup at a distance of 150
m from tower. The angle of elevation to the
top of the parapet was 1008’ while the angle
of depression to the foot of the wall was
30012’. The staff reading on B.M of R.L
50.217 with the telescope horizontal was
0.880. find the height of the tower and the
R.L of the top of parapet.

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 Indirect levelling on a rough
terrain
• Indirect levelling can be used to determine the difference
of elevation of two points which are quite apart.
• Select two point on ground. (P and Q)

• Procedure :-
1. Set up the instrument at convenient point O1 mid way
between P and Q.
2. Measure the vertical angle α1 to the station P. Also
measure the horizontal distance D1 between O1 and P.
3. Measure the vertical angle β1 to the station Q. Also
measure the horizontal distance D2 between O1 and Q.
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 4. Determine the difference in elevation
H1 between P and Q as explain bellow.
• Let us assume that,
• α1 = angle of depression
• β1 = angle of elevation
• H1 = PP”+ QQ”
= (PP’- P’P”) + (QQ’ + Q’Q”)
= (D1 tan α1 – C1) + (C2 + D2 tan β1)
Where C1 and C2 are the correction due to curvature
of earth and refraction.
As the distance D1 and D2 are nearly equal, the
correction C1 and C2 are also approximately equal.
• H1 = D1 tan α1 + D2 tan β1

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 5. Now shift the instrument to the station O2 midway
between Q and R. measure the vertical angle α2 and β2
to the station Q and R and respective horizontal distance
D3 and D4.
• Difference of elevation between Q and R is
• H2 = D3 tan α2 + D4 tan β2

6. Repeat above procedure at the station O3

H3 = D5 tan α3 + D6 tan β3
7. Determine the difference in Elevation of P and S as.
H = H1 +H2 +H3
R.L of S = R.L of P + H
• Indirect levelling is not as accurate as direct
levelling.

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 Indirect levelling on a steep slope
• If the ground is so steep so the method of indirect
levelling can be used with advantages.
• The procedure for finding the difference of
elevation between P and Q are as under.

• Procedure :-
• St up the instrument over convenient station O1
on the line PR.
• Make line of collimation roughly parallel to the
slope of the ground, clamp the telescope.

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 • Take back sight PP’ on the staff held at P. Also measure
the vertical angle α1 to P’. Determine the R.L of P’ as
• R.L of P’ = R.L of P + PP’
• Take a fore sight QQ’ on the staff held at the turning
point Q, without changing vertical angle α1 , measure
the solpe distance PQ between P and Q.
• R.L of Q = R.L of P’ + PQ sin α1 – QQ’
• Shift the instrument to the station O2 midway between Q
and R. make the line of collimation roughly parallel to
the slope of the ground, clamp the telescope.
• Take back sight QQ” on the staff held at the point R
without changing the vertical angle α2. measure
the sloping distance QR.
• R.L of R = R.L of Q” + QR sin α2 – PR’
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