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Introduction To Databases

This document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, how the database approach addresses these limitations, and the key components and advantages of DBMS. Specifically, it defines what a database and DBMS are, describes the major roles and components in a DBMS environment, outlines the history and types of database systems, and lists some advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS. Students are assigned to explore various database vendor websites and Wikipedia articles to learn more about databases and DBMS.

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M Fayez Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views

Introduction To Databases

This document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, how the database approach addresses these limitations, and the key components and advantages of DBMS. Specifically, it defines what a database and DBMS are, describes the major roles and components in a DBMS environment, outlines the history and types of database systems, and lists some advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS. Students are assigned to explore various database vendor websites and Wikipedia articles to learn more about databases and DBMS.

Uploaded by

M Fayez Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 01

Introduction to Databases
Lecture 01 - Objectives
 Some common uses of database systems.
 Characteristics of file-based systems.
 Problems with file-based approach.
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management System
(DBMS).
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket (e.g. Metro
Supermarket)
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking for a Flight
 Using the local library
 Studying at university
File-Based Systems
 Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).

 Each program defines and manages its own


Students_Result (CMS number, student name, student address,
data.
telephone number, CGPA, Program Name)

Students_Fee (CMS number, student name, student address,


telephone number, Program Name, Fee Balance)
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
– Each program maintains its own set of data.
– Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.

 Duplication of data
– Same data is held by different programs.
– Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
– File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


– Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


programs
– Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
– Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
 Arose because:
– Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
– No control over access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by application programs.

 Result:
– the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and
a description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.

 System catalog (metadata) provides description


of data to enable program–data independence.

 Logically related data comprises entities,


attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
Database Management System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.

 (Database) application program: a computer


program that interacts with database by
issuing an appropriate request (SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
– Permits specification of data types, structures and
any data constraints.
– All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).


– General enquiry facility (query language) of the
data.
Database Approach
 Controlled access to database may
include:
– a security system
– an integrity system
– a concurrency control system
– a recovery control system
– a user-accessible catalog.
Components of DBMS Environment
 Hardware
– Can range from a PC to a network of
computers.
 Software
– DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
– Used by the organization and a description
of this data called the schema.
Components of DBMS Environment
 Procedures
– Instructions and rules that should be applied to
the design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People
Roles in the Database Environment

 Database Administrator (DBA)


 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)
History of Database Systems
 First-generation
– Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
– Relational

 Third generation
– Object-Relational
– Object-Oriented
Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of
data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
Advantages of DBMSs
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data
independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure
Home Task

Using any Web browser, look at some of the following


Web pages and discover the wealth of information
available there:
(a) http://www.oracle.com
(b) http://www.microsoft.com/sql http://www.microsoft.com/access
(c) http://www.ibm.com/db2
(d) http://www.mysql.com
(e) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/database
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBMS

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