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    Che 411 Class 1-3

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    David Akomolafe
    This document classifies chemical engineering systems into two categories: 1) Lumped parameter systems, where state and decision variables are singular and time-dependent but not position-dependent. An example is a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). 2) Distributed parameter systems, where state and decision variables are functions of both time and position. A tubular reactor is an example. Modeling lumped parameter systems results in ordinary differential equations, while distributed parameter systems result in partial differential equations, especially for transient modeling.

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    Che 411 Class 1-3

    Uploaded by

    David Akomolafe
    27 views12 pages
    This document classifies chemical engineering systems into two categories: 1) Lumped parameter systems, where state and decision variables are singular and time-dependent but not position-dependent. An example is a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). 2) Distributed parameter systems, where state and decision variables are functions of both time and position. A tubular reactor is an example. Modeling lumped parameter systems results in ordinary differential equations, while distributed parameter systems result in partial differential equations, especially for transient modeling.

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    Modelling in chemical engineering I

    Original Title

    CHE 411 CLASS 1-3

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    This document classifies chemical engineering systems into two categories: 1) Lumped parameter systems, where state and decision variables are singular and time-dependent but not position-dependent. An example is a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). 2) Distributed parameter systems, where state and decision variables are functions of both time and position. A tubular reactor is an example. Modeling lumped parameter systems results in ordinary differential equations, while distributed parameter systems result in partial differential equations, especially for transient modeling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    27 views12 pages

    Che 411 Class 1-3

    Uploaded by

    David Akomolafe
    This document classifies chemical engineering systems into two categories: 1) Lumped parameter systems, where state and decision variables are singular and time-dependent but not position-dependent. An example is a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). 2) Distributed parameter systems, where state and decision variables are functions of both time and position. A tubular reactor is an example. Modeling lumped parameter systems results in ordinary differential equations, while distributed parameter systems result in partial differential equations, especially for transient modeling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Classification of Systems

    For the purpose of modelling, Chemical


    Engineering systems can be classified into two
    broad classes:

    Lumped parameter systems.


    Distributed parameter systems.
    •In Lumped parameter systems, the decision
    and state variables are usually singular leading
    to a singular time constant, whereas
    •Distributed parameter system have their state
    and decision variables as function of time and
    position and therefore multiple.
    Classification of Systems contd…
    • An example of lumped parameter system is
    continuous-flow-stirred-tank-reactor (CFSTR or
    CSTR).
    • In which case, concentration is the state variable
    and Temperature the decision variable are constant
    throughout the system i.e. they are time-dependent
    only and do not vary from point to point within the
    system.
    T, C

    Figure 2: A CSTR with


    concentration and
    Temperature constant with
    position within the system
    Classification of Systems contd…

    • An example of distributed parameter system (DPS)


    is tubular reactor.

    • In a tubular reactor, concentration and temperature


    vary with position throughout the system i.e. both
    the state and decision variables are functions of
    both time and spatial-geometry.

    Figure 3: Flow through a long pipe


    Classification of Systems contd…
    • With distributed parameter system, we take the
    material and/or energy balance over a differential
    time or space.
    • In analysing lumped and distributed parameter
    systems, we make use of two equations:
    ✔ The steady state equation, and
    ✔ Unsteady state equation.

    • The modeling of lumped parameter system leads to


    ordinary differential equations (ODE);

    • Whereas the modeling of distributed parameter


    system leads to partial differential equations (PDE)
    in most times (especially transient modeling).
    Modeling Examples
    •  

    Figure 4: A stirred tank reactor


    (Isothermal)
    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …
    • F = flow rate, V = volume, and ρ = density
    (a) Applying total continuity equation, we have:

    • Simply,

    • In standard form, the accumulation term is usually


    placed on the left hand side of the equation, so that
    we have
    (1)
    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …
    •  
    If
    then
    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …
    • Integrating both sides, we have

    (3)

    (ii) then, in Eqn (2),

    (steady state situation)

    • Which implies, V = constant


    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …
    (b) Applying component Continuity Equation,
    we have

    In standard form,
    (4)
    V = constant; then we have

    How?
    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …

    (5)

    • The likely solution to Equation (5) is


    (6)
    • If condition (i) above applies, (but they are
    constant rates) we have

    • Substituting equation (3) into equation (4), we


    obtain
    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …

    • Differentiating, we have that:

    (7)

    • Dividing through by , we have

    (8)
    Example 1: A perfectly Mixed Tank contd. …
    •  
    (9)

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