This document provides an overview of periodontal diseases and their prevention. It defines periodontal diseases as those that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The main cause is dental plaque, a soft biofilm that forms on teeth. If plaque is not removed regularly by brushing and flossing, it hardens into calculus. The document discusses various mechanical and chemical methods for controlling plaque formation and preventing periodontal diseases. These include toothbrushing, flossing, mouthwashes, and professional cleanings.
This document provides an overview of periodontal diseases and their prevention. It defines periodontal diseases as those that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The main cause is dental plaque, a soft biofilm that forms on teeth. If plaque is not removed regularly by brushing and flossing, it hardens into calculus. The document discusses various mechanical and chemical methods for controlling plaque formation and preventing periodontal diseases. These include toothbrushing, flossing, mouthwashes, and professional cleanings.
This document provides an overview of periodontal diseases and their prevention. It defines periodontal diseases as those that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The main cause is dental plaque, a soft biofilm that forms on teeth. If plaque is not removed regularly by brushing and flossing, it hardens into calculus. The document discusses various mechanical and chemical methods for controlling plaque formation and preventing periodontal diseases. These include toothbrushing, flossing, mouthwashes, and professional cleanings.
This document provides an overview of periodontal diseases and their prevention. It defines periodontal diseases as those that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The main cause is dental plaque, a soft biofilm that forms on teeth. If plaque is not removed regularly by brushing and flossing, it hardens into calculus. The document discusses various mechanical and chemical methods for controlling plaque formation and preventing periodontal diseases. These include toothbrushing, flossing, mouthwashes, and professional cleanings.
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Prevention of Periodontal Diseases
Topic Outlines Introduction Definition Types of Periodontal Diseases Main Culprit Causing Periodontal Diseases What is plaque control Implications for Prevention Factors Predisposing to Plaque Accumulation Various Ways of Prevention Mechanical Plaque Control Chemical Plaque Control Introduction
Periodontal disease is one of the most common
diseases occurring in the oral cavity of humans along with dental caries and many others.
It is an infectious condition that results in
inflammatory destruction of periodontium. Definition
Diseases which affect the periodontium.
Periodontium:- Tissues which surround and
support the teeth. Periodontium Types of Periodontal Diseases
Gingivitis
Periodontitis Main Culprit behind Causing Periodontal Diseases
The main cause of Periodontal disease is plaque or
calculus.
So Periodontal disease can be prevented if plaque
formation is eradicated. Dental Plaque
It is a soft complex, non mineralized ,highly organized
bacterial deposit which forms on the teeth.
It is of vital significance as a contributing factor to the
initiation of carious lesion. Composition of Dental Plaque Dental plaque consists of primarily of proliferating micro- organism along with a scattering of epithelial cells leukocytes, and macrophages in adherent intercellular matrix. It is consists of two portions: 1.Bacterial portion:
70-80% of the total plaque volume . There may be as 200-400
different species of micro-organisms. The organism includes- Bacteria, mostly. Mycoplasma. Protozoa 2. Interbacterial matrix: 20-30% of plaque volume. It again consists of two portion, (a) Organic portion: Consist of mainly- Polysaccharide protein complex Lipid-15%. Remainder portion is- -Food debris -Derivatives of salivary glyco-proteins. (b) Inorganic portion: Ca, P—mostly Mg, K, Na, F-small amount. Types of Dental Plaque
1.Supra-gingival Plaque
(a)Coronal – Contact with only tooth surface.
(b) Marginal - Associated with the tooth surface at gingival margin
2.Sub-gingival Plaque PLAQUE FORMATION
It involves two processes-
1. Initial adherence of salivary organisms to the acquired pellicle.
2. The proliferation of attached bacteria to already attached cells
Pellicle formation
The first stage in pellicle formation involves adsorption
of salivary proteins to apatite surface. It's chemical composition consists mainly of
(a) Glycoproteins, (b) Immunoglobulin, (c) And different carbohydrates. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLAQUE AND CALCULUS
Plaque is the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms
on your teeth. Bacteria live in plaque and secrete acids that cause tooth decay and irritate gum tissue. If plaque is not removed regularly by tooth brushing and flossing, it hardens to create calculus (also known as tartar). Calculus cannot be removed with a toothbrush; only a dental professional can remove it during an oral cleaning. What is Plaque Control
The Removal of Microbial Plaque and prevention of its
accumulation on the surface of tooth, adjacent teeth, and gingival tissues.
Its also deals with the prevention of calculus formation.
Plaque control is an effective method to treating as well
as preventing the periodontal disease. Types of Plaque Control Methods
1- Mechanical methods.
2- Chemical agents which reduce to plaque
formation. What is chemical plaque control
Involves:
Prevention of plaque formation
Removal on dispersion of existing plaque Inhibition of calcification of existing plaque Altering the pathogenicity of existing plaque Ideal Properties of an Antiplaque agent
Should significantly reduce plaque and gingivitis.
Should prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria. Should be compatible with oral tissues. Should not stain teeth or alter taste. Should be inexpensive and easy to use. Interference in development of plaque
Elimination or reduction in no of microrganisms.
Established plaques may be dissolved. Calcification of plaque may be encountered. Colonization of bacteria on the tooth may be inhibited. Factors predisposing to Plaque accumulation Inadequate oral hygiene Tooth mal-alignment Restorations Calculus Dental Prosthesis Various host factors modifying inflammatory response
stress Pregnancy smoking
host Genetic disorders medications
Alterations in levels of sex hormones MECHANICAL PLAQUE CONTROL
1 -TOOTH BRUSHES
A) Manual Tooth Brush
b) Electrical = = 2- INTERDENTAL AIDS
A) Dental Floss. B) Triangular tooth pick C) Interdental brushes. -Proxabrush system -Bootle-brushes -Single-tufted brushes(flat/tapered) D) Perio Aid. E) Yarn F) Superfloss 3- AIDS FOR GINGIVAL STIMULATION
A) Rubber tip stimulator..
b) Balsa Wood Edge.
4. Others A)Gauze strips. B)Pipe Cleansers. C) Water Irrigation device. D) Aids for edentulous/partial edentulous patients A) Denture & partial clasp brushes. B) Cleansing solutions TOOTH BRUSHES.
Most widely used.
Tooth brush has been described as “ The most classic &
Principal method employed in oral hygiene”.
They were first introduced in China .
The toothbrush is an oral hygiene instrument used to clean
manual & is removable for replacements. METHOD OF ACTION
Three basic patterns that head follows:
1. Reciprocating: A back & forth movement.
2.Arcuate: Up & down movement. 3.Elliptical: combination of Reciprocating & Arcuate. Indications:
1.Young children. 2.Handicapped patients. 3.Pts with Prosthodontic endo-osseous implants. 4.Orthodontic pts. 5.Aged patients. 6.Mentally retarted pt’s. Sonic & ultrasonic tooth brushes These type of tooth brushes produce high frequency vibration.(1.6MHz).
As they used to remove
plaque as well as also aid in removal of stains.
They act as bactericidal in
nature (as they disturb/ break the bacterial cell wall). Ionic tooth brushes They change the surface charge of a tooth by an influx of a positively charged ions.
So the plaque with a
similar charge is attracted by the negatively charged bristles of a tooth brush. Reasons for Replacing toothbrush frequently:
Toothbrushes just simply wear out
Toothbrushes are often worn enough to be replaced before they look worn Bristles breakdown and lose their effectiveness. Worn and fractured bristles are a breeding ground for germs, fungus and bacteria Worn toothbrushes can damage gum tissue, cause wearing of teeth & gum recessions. INTERDENTAL CLEANING AIDS
Factors in selection of INTERDENTAL CLEANING AIDS:
1. Type of gingival embrasures.
2. Alignment of teeth. 3. Fixed prosthesis/orthodontic appliances. 4. Open furcation areas. 5. Contact areas. DENTAL FLOSS It is the type of interdental cleaning aid.
Remove the plaque from interproximal surface.
It is supplied in various form.
The degree of plaque control by any type of floss is
similar.
Flossing is done by wrapping the floss around fingers
with two ends tied together. FUNCTIONS:
1. Removal of dental plaque and food debris from
interdental space and pontic of fixed prosthesis. 2. Stimulating and massaging of interdental papillae. 3. Locating sub gingival calculus. 4. Locate Over hanging margin of the restoration. 5. Improve oral hygiene. 6. Polish tooth surfaces 7. Control bad breath Types of dental floss Methods: There are two methods of using dental floss: waxed and unwaxed
1. Spool Method flavored and unflavored (also called the finger- wrap method). wide and regular - used by adults & teenagers. 1. Circle or Loop method. - used by handicapped & mentally retarded pt’s. yarn,dental floss Wooden Tip Ideal substitute of dental floss in type 2 gingival embrassures Proper fitted wooden tip within the interdental space repeatedly move in and out in this way they remove soft deposits from teeth and also mechanically stimulating gingiva Use is restricted to the facial aspects of anterior teeth. Interproximal/Interdental Brushes:-
Best choice for ginigival
embrassures 2
May also used to clean
furcation areas and root concavities Interproximal/Interdental Brushes Powered Interdental Brushes
Powered interdental brushes are same but it require less dexterity and easy access to gingival areas. Unitufted / Single Tufted Brushes
Used in type 3 gingival
embrassures
May also used to carry
antimicrobial agent(chlorhexidine) into the interproximal areas Irrigation Devices(Water Pik) Composed of pump and reservoir Uses: -Remove unattached plaque and debris
-deliver antimicrobial agent
subgingivally.
-designed for cleaning gums
and teeth. Tongue Scraping Defined as “The process of removing debris from the surface of tongue with some forms of scraper. Technique:- 1. Brushing -Place the sides of brush on dorsum of tongue -Apply light pressure and move the brush forward and out. Indications:- Elongated Papilla Tongue Scrapers Super floss
