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Gilligan's Ethics of Care

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The key takeaways are that Carol Gilligan developed an 'ethics of care' approach to moral development which critiqued Lawrence Kohlberg's theory for its gender bias. Kohlberg's theory included six stages of moral development while Gilligan proposed an alternative theory with its own stages that focused on relationships and responsibility.

Kohlberg's theory included six stages across three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality. The stages progressed from obedience to social order and law to universal ethical principles.

Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's theory for its gender bias, arguing it did not account for women's experiences and focus on care, relationships, and responsibility over rules and justice.

GILLIGAN’S ETHICS OF

CARE
Carol Gilligan
• Best known for her innovative but
controversial ideas on the moral
development of women.
• She emphasize what she called
“ethics of care”
• She place her approach in direct
opposition to Lawerence Kohlberg’s
theory of moral development
Origin of Gilligan’s Ethics of Care
• In 1997 Gilligan started teaching in Harvard
• Became a research assistant for Lawrence Kohlberg
• Gilligan’s work was a response to the gender bias she
saw in Kohleberg’s approach
Kholber’s theory of moral development included
six stages
Level 1: Preconventional Morality 0-9 years
Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment
common in young children, but adults are capable of
expressing reasoning. At this stage, children see rules as
fixed and absolute.
Stage 2 – Naively egotistical
At this stage of moral development, children account for
individual points of view and judge actions based on how
they serve individual needs. Reciprocity is possible, but
only if it serves one’s own interests.
Kholber’s theory of moral development included
six stages
Level 2: Conventional Morality 10-15 years
Stage 3 – “good boy-good girl” orientation,
This stage of moral development is focused on living up to
social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on
conformity, being “nice,” and consideration of how choices
influence relationships.
Stage 4 – Law and Social Order
At this stage of moral development, people begin to
consider society as a whole when making judgements. The
focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules,
doing one’s duty, and respecting authority .
Kholber’s theory of moral development included
six stages
Level 3: Postconventional Morality – 16+
Stage 5 – Legalistic Social Contract
At this stage, people begin to account for the differing
values, opinions, and beliefs of other peope. Rules of law
are important for maintaining a society, but members of the
society should agree upon these standards.

Stage 6 – Universal Ethical Principles


Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based upon
universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this
stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice,
even if they conflict with laws and rules
Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development
• Stage 1: Pre-Conventional
At the pre-conventional stage, women are focused on the self and
emphasize their own self-interests over other considerations.

• Stage 2: Conventional
At the conventional stage, women have come to focus on their
responsibilities towards others. They are concerned with care for
others and being selfless, but this position is defined by society or other
people in the woman’s orbit.

• Stage 3: Post-Conventional
At the highest stage of moral development, the post-conventional
stage, a woman has learned to see herself and others as
interdependent. These women have control of their lives and 
take responsibility for their decisions, a big part of which is the choice
to care for others.
CAROL GILLIGAN
• Aw we have listened for centuries to the voices of men
and the theories of development that their experience
informs, so we have come more recently to notice not
only the silence of women but the difficulty in hearing what
they say when they speak. Yet in the different voice of
women lies the truth of an ethic of care, the tie between
relationship and responsibility, and the origins of
aggression in the failure connection.
• The failure to see the different reality of women’s lives and
to hear the differences in their voices stems in part from
the assumption that there is a single mode of social
experience and interpretation.

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