Introduction to

CAD: CAD/CAM
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a design software package
known as CAD. CAD is defined as the use of computer systems to assist
in creation, modification, analysis or optimization of the design
CAD is a modelling of physical objects on computers, allowing
both interactive and automatic analysis of design, and the expression
of design in a suitable form for manufacturing
CAD Softwares Inventor
1. Autocad Autodesk
2. CATIA Dassault Systems
3. Pro-Engineer/CREO Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC)
4. Solidworks Dassault systems
5. Unigraphics (Nx) Siemens
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 Reasons for Implementing
1. To increaseCAD
the productivity of the designer:
CAD helps the designer to visualize the product and its
components sub-
assemblies and parts.
2. To improve the quality of design:
Design errors are reduced by the accuracy built into the system by means of
calculations and checks available with the system.
3. To improve communications through documentation:
Using CAD systems, engineering drawings are more standardized,
better documentation of the design
4. To create database for manufacturing:
Database for manufacturing is created, which can be applied for applications like
CNC programming, Programming for robots, Process planning etc.
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CAD
PROCESS

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 Benefits of Implementing CAD
1. systems
Improved engineering productivity.
2. Shorter lead time.
3. Reduced engineering personal requirements.
4. Customer modifications are easier to make.
5. Faster response to requests.
6. Improved accuracy of design.
7. Assistance in preparation of documentations.
8. Better design is provided.
9. Better knowledge of costs is provided.
10. Standardization of design, drafting and documentation.
11. Benefits in manufacturing. 4
 CA
CAM is the next stage of M
CAD. CAM involves CAD, Networking
and NC programming. By using a CAM, an object which is created in
CAD can be downloaded and manufacturing, without a human
intervention (human hand touching the part).

CAM softwares:
1. Auto CAM.
2. Master CAM.
3. N.C. CAM.
4. Power Mill.
5. Surf CAM.
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CAM
Process

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 Advantages of
1.
CAM
Increased productivity.
2. Greater operating Flexibility.
3. Shorter lead time.
4. Reduced scrap work and Re-work.
5. Improved reliability.
6. Better management control.

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 Role of Computers in
Manufacturing:
Computers are used in Industrialmanufacturing to take
the advantage of its powerful multi-functional capabilities.
The use of computers in industrialmanufacturing is
mainly classified into three groups. They are:
1. Pre-processing support applications.
2. Monitoring and control.
3. Post processing support.

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 1. Pre-processing Support
Applications:
Pre-processing support applications includes all support
functions, for efficient and economical manufacturing of a product. The
computer provides the following support functions:
• Computer aided design and drafting.
• Finite element analysis.
• Computer aided part programming.
• Computer aided process planning.
• Computer aided scheduling.
• Computer aided tool design.
• Computer aided material requirement planning.
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 2. Monitoring and
Control:
• Monitoring system:
Monitoring system implies a direct interface of the computer
with the manufacturing process. Monitoring is employed for observing
and collecting data from the process.

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 2. Monitoring and
• Controlling: Control:
Controlling the computer implies not only monitoring the
manufacturing process but also controlling the process based on
observations. Controlling is employed for control of process based on
monitoring. The software which contains control algorithms, delivers
command signals to the manufacturing process with the help of
computer to control the manufacturing process.

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 3. Post Processing
ItincludesSupport:
all the support functionsthat allow computers
to deliver a quality product to the market (or) customers. These
includes:
• Computer aided assembly.
• Computer aided inspection and quality control.
• Computer aided cost analysis.
• Computer aided packaging and labelling.
• Computer aided analysis of market feedbacks.
• Computer aided billing.
The use of computer in industrial manufacturing increases
accuracy of the product and reduces the operating cost and time,
wastage of material, effort of human skills etc.
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Product
Cycle:

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 Product
Cycle:
The product begins with a need, which is identified based on
customers and market demands. The product goes through two main
processes from idea conceptualization to the finished product:

1. Design process:
• Synthesis
• Analysis
2. Manufacturing process:
• CAM process
• Marketing

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 1. Design
• Synthesis: Process:
Synthesis is crucial for design process compared to analysis. The
philosophy, functionality and uniqueness of the product are all
determined during synthesis. It is a conceptual design of the
prospective product.
• Analysis:
Analysis begins with an attempt to put the conceptual design to
evaluate the performance of the expected product. Analysis process
has following activities such as Design analysis, Optimization and
Evaluation. In analysis, Algorithms for both design analysis and
optimization can be implemented and utilized.

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 2. Manufacturing
• CAM Process: Process:
CAM process has following activities:
1. Process Planning
2. Production
3. Quality control
4. packaging
• Marketing:
Marketing strategies are applied on the product and
customer feedback is taken

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Production types or manufacturing activities
It is divided into four types:
1. Continuous flow process
2. Mass production
3. Batch production
4. Job shop production

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Production types or manufacturing activities:
1. Continuous flow process:
In this, Production of large amounts of bulk products are processed
continuously. Ex: Continuous production of chemicals and oil refineries.
2. Mass production:
In this, a very high volume of only one product is produced. Ex: automobile
parts, house hold appliances etc.
3. Batch production:
Production of medium lot sizes of the same product (or) components. It
may be produced once (or) repeated periodically in batches.
4. Job shop production:
Production of very low quantity, usually a single job is produced. Ex: Ship,
Aircraft, Space vehicles etc.

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 Types of automation
Fixed automation: Power plants, Cool drinks manufacturing
Programmable automation: CNC machines
Flexible automation: Water treatment plants
Type of Product Product Cost of Time of Machinery Skill Adoptab Maintena Life
automation variety quantity production production or set ility nce
technology

Fixed Less More Less Less Low level Low Easy More More
level

Programmabl Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate High level High Difficult Less Less
e level

Flexible More Less to More More High level High Difficult Moderate Moderat
moderate level e
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 Common
definitions:
• Bit: Binary digits are 0 & 1. Either 0 or 1 is called a bit (binary digit)
• Byte: A group of 8 bits is termed as byte and a group of 4 bits is
termed as nibble
• Word: A word is a group of bit that are processed together by
computer depending on the computer’s internal design. A word may
be serval bit long ranges from 4 to 64 bits or even more.
• Hardware: It includes all the physical components of the digital
computer and devices connected it.
• Software: It is a computer program used to make the hardware
components to carry out an application task.
• Automation: Automation means the use of computers to control a
certain process to increase reliability and efficiency of the process by
reducing the human effort (or) work.
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 CAD/CAM Hardware (or)Basic Structure of
CAD
The structure of CAD consists of:
Workstation:
1. Display unit
2. Input devices
3. Host computer

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 1. Display
Unit:
• In CAD systems, various graphic functions can be performed such as
transformation and graphic generation.
• This graphics display terminal consists of various local processors and
controllers to perform all these actions.
• These devices are quick in response.
• The graphics display unit are Monitor and Processor.

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 2. Input
Device:
• It includes alphanumeric keyboards, programmed function keyboards,
digitizing boards, light pens, electronic styluses, track balls, mouse
systems and touch input devices which are used to input the data to
the workstation.
• Input devices are provided to facilitate convenient communication
between the user and the system.

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 3. Host
Computer:
• It is the coordinator (or) connector of all units of a CAD workstation.
• It either saves the data in a secondary storage (or) sends the data as
an image on output display unit.

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 Basic Structure of CAD/CAM Software:
CAD/CAM software is the key to manufacturing productivity and better
method to most of the critical design specifications. A graphic terminal
is used for interaction between user and the computer to design,
configure and analyse the structure.

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 Structure of Computing System:
The basic configuration of a computing system is as shown
below:

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 Structure of Computing
System:
• Important unit of computer system is Memory unit. These are
the areas where the necessary data (or)
instructions)
program(sequenceis stored.of The type of memory and its amount
determines the capabilities of a computing system.
• CPU(central processing unit) performs all the necessary functions. The
main functions performed by the CPU are arithmetic and logical
operations. The CPU communicates with the external world through
input/output devices.
• Through an input device, the user would be able to communicate
with the CPU, either to give certain data (or) to control the operation
of CPU. The output device is a means through which the CPU gives
the results of the computation
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 Central Processing Unit:
The main components of a CPU are Internal registers, controllers and
ALU. A CPU is fabricated as a single integrated circuit (chip) is termed as
micro-processor.

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 Central Processing
CPU is the Unit:
heart of a computing system. All the functions
operated in a computer is managed by CPU. The main functions are
arithmetic and logical operations. The memory unit is utilized by CPU to
store the result for further execution. In CNC machines, CPU converts
input data into cutter movement. The processor is a set of programs
(software) stored in CPU memory.
The user entered program data (or) instructions through input
devices, the CPU reads the data and executes it and continues until it
reaches end of the program, the program is then stored either in main
memory (or) auxiliary memory and CPU responds to the user through
an output device.

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 Memory
The memory is that part of the computer where programs and
data are stored. The capacity of a memory chip is generally measured
in terms of number of bits (or) bytes. Example: Megabytes(Mb) or
Gigabytes(Gb).
The memory which is integral to the computer is called ‘main
memory’ or ‘primary memory’. The main memory is divided into three
categories:
1. Main data storage (or) solid state memory.
2. Control storage comprising micro-programs to assist the
CPU in performing its functions.
3. Local storage (high speed working registers).

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Classification

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 Types of
The memory
memory which is used for storing information is
called Secondary memory. The various types of secondary memory are:
1. Read only memory (ROM).
2. Programmable ROM (PROM).
3. Erasable PROM (EPROM).
4. Electrically erasable and PROM (EEPROM).
5. Random access memory (RAM).
6. Flash memory.

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 Types of
1. Read only memory memory
(ROM): It can only be read but cannot written
on it.
2. Programmable ROM (PROM): A user programmable ROM and can
be programmed by the user just once.
3. Erasable PROM (EPROM): Chips that permits data to be erased by
exposure to ultra–violet light and can be re-programmed.
4. Electrically erasable and PROM (EEPROM): When data is erased by
electric current it is called EEPROM.
5. Random access memory (RAM): It is a read and write memory. The
information can be read as well as written into the memory. The
memory. The information present in the RAM chip is retained even
when the external power supply is cut off.
6. Flash memory: It stores memory in a flash. 33
Comparison

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Comparison

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 Input
Devices:
Input devices are used for entering data in graphic form (or) text.
The input devices are divided into:
1. Cursor control devices.
2. Digitizers.
3. Alpha-numeric and other keyboards.

1. Cursor control devices: A bright spot on the CRT screen is called cursor,
which is used to indicate the position for entering data. Different types are:
• Thumb wheels.
• Joysticks.
• Track balls.
• Mouse.
• Light pen. 36
 1.Thumb
Wheels:
This device consists of two thumb wheels, one to control the
horizontal position and other is to control vertical positioning of the
cursor

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 2.JOYSTICK
Joystick works by pushing its stick backward (or) forward (or) to the left
(or) to the right. The extreme positions of these directions correspond
to the four corners of the screen. The position control of the cursor on
the screen depends on the operator’s sense. These are normally used
for side to side movement.

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 3. TRACK
BALLS
Track balls (or) tracker ball is a ball with a socket construction.
When the user rolls the ball with fingers, there will be a movement of
cursor on the screen and can be moved in the desired direction.

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 4.
Mouse is the most MOUSE
widely used device in graphics design
applications. It is directly connected to the computer by terminal and is
operated on any flat surface.

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 5. Light
Penfor writing on the screen, it is used only
Light pens are not used
to detect the presence of light on the screen. Light pen is a detector of
light on the CRT screen which uses photo diode, for indicating (or)
pointing. Light pen should physically touch the CRT screen for pointing.

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 DIGITIZE
RS
A Digitizers is the most widely used input medium by CAD
designers. It is used for converting the physical locations into
coordinate values so that, accurate transfer of data can be achieved.
The work area corresponds to the full CRT screen.

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 DIGITIZE
A digitizer consistsRSa rectangular
of smooth surface as a
draughting board. Position sensing mechanism helps the designer to
copy an existing drawing and send the geometric data to the system
and edit a free hand drawing to the desired level of accuracy.

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 Alpha-numeric and other
Keyboards
This alpha-numeric terminal is used to enter commands,
functions and data to the system. These are also used for entering
graphics data in convenient form (or) selecting an item from the menu
displayed on the screen.

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Comparison of input
devices

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 DISPLAY
DEVICES
Display devices are used to convert electrical signals of computer
into visible images. The display devices are the most important element
in a CAD/CAM system because the design work and simulation of
manufacturing can be graphically displayed.
The Display devices that we use are:
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display
2. Plasma panel display
3. Liquid crystal display (LCD)

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 CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
TheDISPLAY:
principle involved in CRT is that the high intensity of electron
beam strikes the phosphor coating at very speeds resulting in
energizing the electron. Electron gun acts as a cathode. Electron from
the gun are generated and pass through the beam focusing unit and
the two deflectors (i.e, X and Y deflectors). Further the beam is
converted into signals by display controllers for controlling and to focus
the beam on CRT screen. The main function of controller (or) processor
is to improve the speed and responses between the computer and CRT.

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Working principle of
CRT

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 Image drawing techniques
In Graphics display, there are two types of image drawing
techniques:

1. Stroke writing (or) Random scan

2. Raster scan (or) Raster scan

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 Stroke writing (or) Random
scan
Random scan is also referred as stroke writing, vector writing (or)
calligraphic scan. This scan Technology is used to control the electron
beam when generating images on the screen. In random scan, graphics
are generated by straight lines. Each line is drawn by considering point
to point. In random scan, the screen is not properly scanned

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 1. REFRESH DISPLAY (OR) DIRECT BEAM
REFERSH TUBE (DBRT)
To display the image on screen, refresh display utilizes the stroke
writing technique. In refresh display, the image is refreshed many times
for avoiding flicker of the image.
The electron beam excites the phosphor which glows for a short
period. The screen must be refreshed minimum of 30 to 60 times per
second, to maintain a steady flicker free image.

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Advantages of DBRT:
1. Alterations in the images can be made at a faster rate because the
image is being continuously refreshed.
2. Animations of the images can be generated.
3. High quality and high resolution(4096*4096) images can be
generated
4. It can provide better colour capabilities
Disadvantages of DBRT :
5. These display systems are expensive.
6. Any correction of an image needs to erase the image completely
and again redraw the image.

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 Direct view storage tube
In
(DVST):
DVST, the picture will retain for longer time which has
projected on screen. DVST eliminates the refresh buffer completely and
it also uses a special type of phosphor that has a long lasting glowing
effect. In DVST the image is stored as a charge in the phosphor mesh,
located behind the screen’s surface.

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 Advantages of
DVST:
1. There is a capability of storing the images.
2. It is inexpensive with a high resolution.
3. It produces flicker free images on the screen.
4. Presence of storage tube, eliminates the need to re-write the
images constantly.
5. New pictures can be added and displayed rapidly.

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 Disadvantages of
DVST:
1. Selective erase is not possible i.e, user cannot make changes in the
picture, until the entire picture is regenerated.
2. Inability to use a light pen as a data entry device.
3. Less colour capabilities compared to others.
4. Lacks in animation capability

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RASTER SCAN (OR) RASTER
The raster scan display is the graphic monitor in which the
DISPLAY
electron beam follows a fixed path i.e, the beam starts from upper left
corner of the screen and moves horizontally towards the right, one row
at a time. This process of scanning is continued till the bottom right
corner of the screen is reached. After completing the first scan line
beam returns to the left after completion of each line is called the
horizontal retrace and at the end scan cycle, the beam returns to the
starting point at the upper left, which is called vertical retrace.

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RASTER SCAN (OR) RASTER
DISPLAY
In raster scan display, the complete screen is divided into matrix
of pixels. Each point (or) square on the screen is called a pixel (or) a pel
(or) a picture element. Multiple bits per pixel are needed to control the
intensity of the screen positions and the frame buffer is called a pixel
map. The rate of refreshing the raster scan display ranges from 60 to 80
frames/sec

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 Rasterizatio
n
The creation of a raster (pixel) format from geometric
information is known as rasterization.
Advantages of rasterization:
• High resolution
• Can easily erase individual elements
• Image can be displayed for longer duration.

Disadvantages of rasterization:
Needs high memory for calculation of pixels for each
stroke

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Comparison of graphics
terminal

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Plasma panel
display
Even though CRT display is produces highly clear images, it is not
suitable for portable applications because of cathode ray tube need
long depth for working. In such situations, the plasma panel is very
useful for limited space. Plasma uses a neon gas in a glass envelope
with electrodes before to display the image.
Plasma panel displays are small and flat but it consumes a large
amount of power and the resolution is not very good compared to CRT
screen

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Liquid crystal display
(LCD)
Liquid crystal exists in a state between liquid and solid. The
molecules of liquid crystal are all aligned in the same direction, but are
free to move. Liquid crystals are sensitive to temperature. The array of
liquid crystals becomes opaque when the electric field is applied for
displaying the image.
The correct screen size and reasonably low power consumption
has made them suitable for portability. LCD’s are used in calculators,
laptops and portable computers.
The advantage of LCD is they occupy very small desktop space
while reducing the power consumption.

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Hard copy
devices
when the display device showing output, it can be transformed
into hard copy using:
1. Graphical printers
• Ink jet printers
• Laser printers
• Colour laser printers
2. Plotters
• Pen plotters
• Electrostatic plotters
• Ink jet plotters

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 Graphical
1. Ink jet printers: printers
These printers shoot a jet of ink directly on to the paper. These are almost
noiseless operations
2. Laser printers:
The laser printer needs an electrostatic plain paper for printing. In laser printers,
the drum surface is written by a laser beam. The laser printers are fast, as well as the
copy cost is low compared to inkjet printers but output paper size is limited only to
A3 (or) A4 and 8 to 16 pages per minute (A4 size)
3. Colour laser printers:
It operates on same principle as laser printers, but they are provided with 4
tonners: Black, Cyan (greenish-blue colour), Yellow, Magenta (reddish-purple colour).
The paper passes through each of colours for getting required colour on the paper.
They require large memory because the raster data for the colour images have to
be generated for the individual colours before printing can start.

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plotters
The plotters are the widely accepted output device for the final
output. The accuracy is very high and the prints can be made on all
types of media such as paper, tracing paper and acetate film
(transparent paper). Different types of plotters are:
1. Pen plotters
2. Electrostatic plotters
3. Ink jet plotters

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 Pen plotters
The hard copy produced by pen plotters have high accuracy and quality
greater than the image generated on CRT screen. There are two types:
1. Flat bed plotters:
The pen carriage can move in X and Y directions for making the required plot. The
paper is fixed to the plotter by means of vacuum (or) electrostatic force (uses electric
charge). Therefore any kind of paper is acceptable. It is expensive and limited plot size
compared to drum type plotters.
2. Drum plotter:
In this, paper is attached to a drum. When the drum rotates Y axis motion occurs
and X axis movement is obtained when the pen moves in perpendicular direction to
the drum motion.
The drum plotters are cheaper. But we need to use a special paper with
proper
sprocket holes for the plotter.
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 plotters

• Electrostatic plotters:
This plotter consists of a roller (cylinder) which is mounted on a rotating knob.
The plotter head consists of many tiny styluses. These styluses cause electrostatic
charges at the required dot positions to make the drawing.
• Ink jet plotters:
Inkjet plotters uses a tiny jet of ink to create a dot. These are switched ON and
OFF at high speeds to create multi-colour plots.
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Storage devices
A large amount of storage space is required for the permanent
storage of programs and data generated during different sessions of
CAD/CAM. The various storage devices are:
1. Floppy disk
2. Winchester disks (or) hard disk
3. Compact disk ROM’s
4. DVD

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 Storage devices
• Floppy disk:
Floppy disks is a storage disk which is magnetically coated on both sides of the
square corner. The storage capacity ranges from 360 kb to 1.5Mb storage. The head of
floppy disk will rotate at very high speed to read (or) write any data randomly from
any location.
• Winchester disks (or) hard disks:
It is a thin metal disk, both sides of which are coated with magnetic medium. It
has a large storage capacity, low access, low cost and compact size. The storage
capacity ranges from 100 Gb to 1000 Gb
• Compact disc:
In Compact disc, data cannot be erased if once written. These can be used for
database purposes only.
• DVD (Digital Video Disc or Digital versatile disc):
It has large storage capacity compared to CD. The capacities of DVD’s are 4.7
Gb,
8.5 Gb, 15 Gb, 25 Gb etc 68