Welcome To Our Presentation

Our Presentation
On
“Social Institution and Lifestyle”
 Group No:04
Group Members:
Name: Id No:
Md. Elius Ahmed 1615037
Ela Khatun 1615038
Md. Sabuj Islam 1615039
Rahetun Nesa 1615040
Md. Ashraf Billah 1615041
Mst. Mohona Akter 1615042
Uttom Kumar 1615043
Md. Aynal Haque 1615044
Md. Abdul Aziz Sujon 1614045
Moontaharima Nishe 1615046
Josana Rani 1615047
Sultana Yasmin 1615048
 Outline
Introduction
What is a Social Institution?
Definition of An Institution.
Characteristics of An Institution.
Functions of An Institution.
Major Social Institution.
Marriage
Family
Religion
Education
Economic Institution
Government
What is Lifestyle?
Characteristics of Lifestyles.
Conclusion
Introduction
What Is A Social Institution?

 Social institution is a social structures and social mechanisms of social order and
cooperation that govern the behavior of its members.
 institution is a group of social positions, connected by social relation, performing a social
role.
 Any institution in a society that works to socialize the groups of people in it.
 Example: universities, government, families
 And any people or group that we have social interactions with.
 It is a major sphere of social life organized to meet some human need.
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 In sociology, social institutions, such as economy and government, are the ‘bike parts’ and the overall
society is the ‘bicycle.’ Social institutions are established sets of norms and subsystems that support each
society’s survival.
Definition of An Institution:

 J.H. Fitcher has defined an institution as,

“a relatively permanent structure of social patterns of roles and relations that people enact in
certain sanctioned and unified ways for the purpose of satisfying basic social needs.”
 According to P.B. Horton,
“An institution is an organized system of social relationships which embodies certain
common values and procedures and meets certain needs of society.”

Source: S.L. Doshi & P.C. Jain, “Rural Sociology.”

Characteristics of An Institution:

 Palispis (1996) pointed out the following characteristics;

1. Institutions are purposive: Each of them has the satisfaction of social needs as its own
goal or objective.
2. Relatively permanent in their content: The pattern roles and relations that people enact
in a particular culture become traditional enduring. Although institutions are subject to
change, the change is relatively slow.
3. Institutions are structured: The components tend to band together, reinforce one
another. This is because social roles and social relations are in themselves structured
combinations of behavior patterns.
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4. Institutions are a unified structure: They function as a unit.

5. Institutions are necessarily value-laden: Their repeated uniformities, patterns and trends become codes
of conduct. Most of these codes subconsciously exert social pressures. However, others are in form of rules
and laws.
Functions of An Institutions:

 Institutions simplify social behavior for the individual person. The

social institutions provide every child with all the needed social and
cultural mechanisms through which he can grow socially.
 Institutions provide ready-made forms of social relations and social
roles for the individual. The principal roles are not invented by the
individuals, they are provided by the institutions.
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 Institutions also act as agencies of coordination and stability for total culture. The Ways
of thinking and behaving that are institutionalized “make sense” to people.

 Institutions tend to control behavior. They contain the systematic expectations of the
society.
Major Social Institution:

1. Marriage
2. Family
3. Religion
4. Education
5.Economic Institution
6. Government
Marriage:

Marriage is one of the universal social institution.

It is established by the human society to control
and regulated the sex life of man. Marriage is an
institution of society which can have different
implications in different cultures. Marriage
indicative of man’s entry into the world of
emotion and feeling, harmony and culture.
Purposes, functions and forms of marriage may
differ from society to society, but it is present
everywhere as an institution.
Marriage:

Definition of Marriage:
1.According to Malinowski:
“ Marriage is the contract for the production and maintenance of children.”
[Source: Malinowski, “Sex and Repression in Savage Society,” p-73]

2. According to Horton & Hunt:

“Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons established a
family.”
[Source: Intermediate note book of Sociology, p-103]
Forms of Marriage:
Marriage

Monogamy Polygamy
Serial
Non-Serial

Polygyny Polyandry Group Marriage

Sororal Fraternal
Non-Sororal Non-Fraternal
Family:

 Family is the smallest social institution with the unique function or producing
and rearing the young.
 It is the basic unit of every society and the educational system where the child
begins to learn his ABC.
 The basic unit of socialization because it is here where the individual develops
values, behaviors, and ways of life through interaction with members of the
family.
Characteristics of Family:
1. A Mating Relationship: A family comes into existence when a man and woman establish
mating relation between them.
2. A Common Habitation: A family requires a home and household for its living.
3. An Economic Provision: Every family needs an economic provision to satisfy the
economic needs.
4. Emotional Basis: Every family is based on human impulses of mating, procreation,
motherly devotion and parental love and care. The members of a family have emotional
attachment with each other.
5. Limited Size: The family is very small in size. It is known as the smallest primary group.
6. Responsibility of the Members: The members of the family have a deed sense of
responsibility and obligation for the family.
Characteristics of Rural Family:

i. Clan Domination: The rural family in the present period of history is divided but it’s
essential ties originate from clan relations.
ii. Subsistence Based Family: There are some tribal groups which even today primitive
and earn their livelihood by shifting cultivation or ‘hoe’ agriculture.
iii. Agriculture Based Family: Such a kind of family links agriculture with the
domestication of animals.
iv. Closer Degree of Relations: The family is unit together by intimate relations. This
relationship which is the prime characteristic of a rural family.
v. Health Hazards: Many of the rural families suffer from seasonal diseases like malaria,
diarrhea etc. Thus the health hazards with which the rural family suffers.
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vi. Common Lifestyle: Because of the common occupation people have a common way of life. During
harvesting time, for instance, no family member can spare time to relax.

vii. Household Division of Labor: Work is distributed among them mainly on the lines of age and sex
distinctions.

viii. Family Tensions: It should not be assumed that a rural family does not encounter any stress or strain. It
is common to fined violence in a rural family when the land is distributed at the time of separation.
Functions of the family:

 Of all the institutions, the family is the most important. It performs the following
functions:
1. Reproduction of the race and rearing of the young- a unique function cannot
be done by any other institution.
2. Cultural transmission of enculturation- the culture of the family is acquired
from the father and the mother.
3. Socialization of the child- in the family, the child learns his role and status.
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4. Providing affection and sense of security.

5. Providing the environment for personality development and growth of self-

concept in relation to others.

6. Providing social status- each individual in the family inherits both material
goods and social recognition defined by ascribed status.
 Kinds of Family Patterns:

Membership Nuclear Extended

Marriage Monogamous Polygamous

Residence Patrilocal Matrilocal Neolocal

Authority Patriarchal Matriarchal Equalitarian

Descent Patrilineal Matrilineal Bilineal

On the Basis of Membership:

 Conjugal or Nuclear Family: This is the primary or elementary family

consisting of husband, wife and children.
 Consanguine or Extended Family: It consists of married couple, their
parents, siblings, grandparents, uncle, aunts, and cousins.
According to terms of marriage:
 According to terms of marriage, there is two types of family. They are…
 Monogamous Family: A monogamous family is one which is consisted of one husband
and wife.
 Polygamous Family: When one man marries several woman or one woman marries
several man and constitute the family, it is polygamous family. Polygamous family is
divided into two types..
 Polygynous Family: It is a type of family in which one man has more than one wife at a given
time . Example: African Negroes and Naga tribe.
 Polyandrous Family: In this type of family one wife has more than one husband at a given
time. Example: Eskimos and the Todas of Nilgiri Hills in India.
In terms of Residence:

In terms of residence, we find following types

of families.
i. Patrilocal Family: When the wife goes to
live with the husband’s family, it is called the
patrilocal family.
ii. Matrilocal Family: When the couple after
marriage moves to live with the wife’s family,
such residence is called matrilocal.
iii. Neolocal Family: When the couple after
marriage moves to settle in an independent
residence , it is called neolocal residence.
On The Basis of Authority:

 With the reference to authority or who is considered head, the family may be
classified as:
 Patriarchal Family: When the father is considered the head and plays a
dominant role.
 Matriarchal Family: When the mother or female is the head and makes the
major decisions.
 Example: Khasi and Garo tribes.
 Equalitarian Family: When both father and mother share in making decisions
and are equal in authority.
On the Basis of Descent:

 On the basis of descent families may be Patrilineal, Matrilineal and Bilineal.

 Patrilineal – When the descent is traced through the father, it is called patrilineal
family.
 Matrilineal- In this type of family descent is traced along the female or mother’s
line.
 Example: The Veddas, some people of Malabar and the Khasi tribe are
matrilineal.
 Bilineal- when descent is traced through both father’s and mother’s line.
RELIGION
What is Religion?

 Religion is a system of beliefs and rituals that serves to

bind people together through shared worship, thereby
creating a social group.
 Set of beliefs and practices that pertain to a sacred or
supernatural realm that guides human behavior and gives
meaning to life among a community of believers.
Characteristics of Religion:

 Belief in a deity or in a power beyond the individual.

 A doctrine of salvation.
 A code of conduct
 The use of sacred stories
 Religious rituals ( act and ceremonies).
Characteristics of Rural Religion:

i. Sense of The World: Rural religion explains the meaning and direction of
human existence. Rural religion gives an outlook to the rural people about their
survival in the world.
ii. Religion as a Body of Rituals: Rituals are referred to as means through which
the purity of individual and social life becomes guaranteed.
iii. Religion as an Institution: Religion has all the characteristics of any other
institution. The spread of scientific knowledge and rational thinking of the
people has made the institution of religion undergo change.
Functions of Religion:

 Religion serves as a means of social control.

 It is exerts a great influence upon personality development.
 Religion always fear the unknown.
 Religion explains events or situations which are beyond the comprehension of man.
 It gives man comfort, strength and hope in times of crisis and despair.
 It promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness.
 It provides hope for blissful life after death.
Education
Education:

Definition: Education is a system consisting

of the roles and norms that ensure the
transmission of knowledge, values, and
patterns of behavior from one generation to
the next.
 Schooling is formal education, which
involves instruction by specially trained
teachers who follow officially recognized
policies.
Functions of Education:

 Social Function:
 Socialize children into the various roles, behaviors, and values of the society.
 The key ingredient in the stability of any society.
 Economic Function:
 To prepare students for their later occupational roles and select, train, and allocate
individuals into the division of labor.
 Political:
 To inculcate allegiance to the existing political order( patriotism). To teach children the
basic laws of society.
Economic Institution
Economic Institution:

 An economic institution is a group of people who have come together to focus on

economic activities.
 Examples: Banks, small businesses, corporations, and labor unions.
 Banks hold and loan money to customers, which can be an individual or a business.
 Small businesses usually have fewer than 50 people and are owned by one person or a
very small group.
 Corporations are large complex business with investors called shareholders.
Government
Government:

 Government is the institution which resolves conflicts

that are public in nature and involve more than a few
people is called a government. It can be city, provincial,
national or even international.
Three Branches of the Government:

Executive Enforces rules and laws

Legislative Makes rules and laws

Judicial Interprets rules and laws

What is Lifestyle?

 The term was introduced by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler with the
meaning of “ a person’s basic character as established early in childhood.”
 Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, behaviors, and behavioral orientations of an
individual, group or culture.
 The broader sense of lifestyle as a “ way or style of living.”
 Lifestyle is a combination of determining intangible or tangible factors.
 A rural environment has different lifestyles compared to an urban lifestyle.
Characteristics of Lifestyles:
 Individual Identity:
 A lifestyle typically reflects an individual’s attitudes, way of life, values or world view.
 A lifestyle is a means of forging a sense of self and to create cultural symbols that
resonate with personal identity.
 Health:
 A healthy or unhealthy lifestyle will most likely be transmitted across generations.
 Class:
 Lifestyle research can contribute to the question of the relevance of the class concept.
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 Media Culture:
 The term lifestyle was introduced in the 1950s as a derivative of that
of style in art.
 Lifestyles ,the culture industry’s recycling of style in art, represent the
transformation of an aesthetic category, which once possessed a
moment of negative (shocking, emancipatory), into a quality of
commodity consumption.