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18eng25: Building Structures-Ii

The document provides information about the Building Structures-II course including modules on simple stresses and strains, bending moment and shear force diagrams, stresses in beams, elastic stability of columns, and deflection of beams. Module 1 defines types of stresses and strains, Hooke's law, stress-strain curves, Poisson's ratio, and temperature stresses.

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deeksha
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
177 views

18eng25: Building Structures-Ii

The document provides information about the Building Structures-II course including modules on simple stresses and strains, bending moment and shear force diagrams, stresses in beams, elastic stability of columns, and deflection of beams. Module 1 defines types of stresses and strains, Hooke's law, stress-strain curves, Poisson's ratio, and temperature stresses.

Uploaded by

deeksha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 61

18ENG25: BUILDING STRUCTURES-II

CONTACT PERIODS: 3 (1 LECTURE + 2 PRACT./TUTORIAL/SEMINARS) PER WEEK


THEORY MARKS: 100
PROGRESSIVE MARKS : 50
DURATION OF EXAM : 3 HRS
OBJECTIVE: INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS & MATERIALS.
MODULE 1

Simple Stresses & Strains: Types of stresses and strains, Hookes law, factor
of safety, stress-strain curve for mild steel, high strength steel, brittle
materials. Elongation of bars of varying cross section, uniformly varying
bars, bars of varying width(no derivation), Poisson's ratio, relationship
between elastic constants (no derivation). Concept of temperature stresses
(no numericals), analysis of composite bars.
MODULE 2

Bending Moment Diagram & Shear Force Diagram: Concept of bending


moment & shear force, sign convention. To draw bending moment & shear
force diagrams of cantilever, simply supported & over hang beams only.
Subjected to point load & uniformly distributed load & its combination.
Relationship between rate of loading, shear force and bending moment.
MODULE 3

Stresses in Beams: Theory of simple bending, assumption made in bending


theory, bending equation (no derivation), section modulus, numericals to
determine bending stresses across the cross section (restricted to rectangular
section T & I sections only). Shear stresses in beams, shear stress equation
(no derivation), numericals to determine the shear stress variation across the
cross section (restricted to rectangular section, T & I sections only)
MODULE 4

Elastic Stability of Columns: Introduction - Actual length of column,


Effective length of column, expression for Effective length of columns for
various end conditions (fixed, hinged, free) - No derivations. Classification
of columns based on slenderness ratio criteria, and on criteria based on least
lateral dimension, and based on failure of columns, Euler's theory of long
columns. Assumption and limitations of Euler's theory for critical load on
long column (no derivations), Numericals based on the above concepts
MODULE 5

Deflection of Beams: Moment curvature equation (no derivation),


assumptions made in the deflection theory. To determine deflection and
slope for cantilever beam, simply supported and overhang beam, subjected
to point load & uniformly distributed load by Double Integration Method &
Macaulays method.
LEARNING OUTCOME: At the end of the course the students will have the ability to understand
the effect of forces on deformable bodies.
REFERENCES:
1) B.S.Basavarajaih & P. Mahadevappa, "Strength of Materials", Universities Press, 3rd
editn. 2010.
2) Dr. S. Ramamrutham & R. Narayan "Strength of Materials", Dhanpat Rai Publ., 8th edition.
2014.
3) William A. Nash, "Strength of Materials", McGraw-Hill Education; 6th edition, 2013.
4) R.K.Bansal, "Strength of Materials", Laxmi Publications; 6th edition (2017).
5) R.S.Khurmi & N. Khurmi, " Strength of Materials", S Chand Pub., revised edition
2006.
MODULE 1: SIMPLE STRESSES & STRAINS

INTRODUCTION
Strength of materials may be defined as ability of materials to resist its
failure and behaviour under the action of external forces. It has been
observed that, under the action of these forces, the materials is first
deformed and then its failure takes place. A detailed study of forces and their
effects, along with some suitable protective measures for safe working
conditions, is known as Strength of materials. As a matter of fact, such a
knowledge is very essential, for an engineer to enable him in designing all
types of structures and machines.
Every material is elastic in nature. That is why whenever some external system of
forces acts on a body, it undergoes some deformation. As the body undergoes
deformation, its molecules set up some resistance to deformation. This resistance
per unit area to deformation is known as stress.
Mathematically stress may be defined as the force per unit area,
σ = P/A
P = Load or force acting on the body
A = Cross-sectional area of the body
In S.I system, the unit of stress is Pascal(Pa) (same as that of pressure) which is
equal to N/m2
When a single force or a system of forces acts on a body, it undergoes some
deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as Strain.
Mathematically strain may be defined as the deformation per unit length,
ε = δl/l

δl = Change in length of the body

l = Original length of the body


HOOKE’S LAW
The law is named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke. He first stated the law in
1676 as a Latin anagram. He published the solution of his anagram as: ut tension, sic vis (“as the
extension, so the force”)
The Hooke’s law states that “When a material is loaded, within its elastic
limit, the stress is proportional to the strain”
Mathematically,
Stress/Strain = E = Constant
It may be noted that Hooke’s law holds good for tension as well as
compression.
FACTOR OF SAFETY

A Factor of safety (FoS), also known as (and used interchangeably with) Safety


factor (SF), expresses how much stronger a system is than it needs to be for an
intended load. Safety factors are often calculated using detailed analysis because
comprehensive testing is impractical on many projects, such as bridges and
buildings, but the structure's ability to carry a load must be determined to a
reasonable accuracy.
Many systems are intentionally built much stronger than needed for normal
usage to allow for emergency situations, unexpected loads, misuse, or
degradation (reliability).
The definition for the factor of safety (FoS):
The ratio of a structure's absolute strength (structural capability) to actual applied load.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR HIGH STRENGTH
STEEL
When a body is subjected to direct tensile or compressive stress, an
axial deformation of the body takes place. At the same time there
will be lateral or side effects of pushes and pulls. The axial strain of
a body is always followed by an opposite kind of strain in all
directions at right angle to it.
In general there are 2 types of strains in a body when subjected to a
direct stress:
• Primary or Linear strain
• Secondary or Lateral strain
• Linear Strain: The deformation of the bar per unit length in the
direction of force, (δl/l)
• Lateral Strain: The strain in the direction at right angles to it.
(d±δd)
POISSON’S RATIO

It has been experimentally found, that if a body is stressed within its elastic
limit, the lateral strain bears a constant ratio to the linear strain.
Mathematically;
Lateral strain/Linear strain = constant
This constant is known as Poisson’s ratio and is denoted by 1/m or µ
Lateral strain = (1/m) x ε = µε
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS

• Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus, E = σ/ε


• Bulk Modulus, K = σ/(δV/V)
• Relation between K and E : K = mE/3(m-2)
• Shear Modulus or Modulus of rigidity, C = τ/φ
• Relation between E & C : C = mE/2(m+1)
Whenever there is some increase or decrease in the temperature
of a body, it causes the body to expand or contract. If body is
allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise and fall of
temperature, no stresses are induce in the body. But if the
deformation of the body if prevented, some stresses are induced
in the body. Such stresses are called thermal stresses or
temperature stresses. The corresponding strain are called
thermal strains or temperature strains.
THERMAL STRESSES IN SIMPLE BARS

The thermal stresses or strains may be found out by finding amount of


deformation due to change in temperature, then by finding thermal strain due
to deformation. The thermal stress may be found from thermal strain as
usual. Now consider a body subjected to an increase in temperature.
Then increase in length due to increase in temperature is, δl = l.α.t
l = original length of the body
t = Increase of temperature
α = Coefficient of linear expansion
If the ends of the bar are fixed to rigid supports, so that its
expansion is prevented, then compressive strain induced in the
bar,
ε = δl/l = l.α.t/l = α.t
Therefore, Stress σ = ε.E = α.t.E

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