Adiss Ababa Science and Techinology Universitycivil Enginering Department Surveying Ii Assignment

ADISS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHINOLOGY
UNIVERSITYCIVIL ENGINERING DEPARTMENT

SURVEYING II ASSIGNMENT
NAME ID N0
1.ABDULJEWAD HAYREDIN -----------------CEP005/10

What is Topography?
• Topography is the study of the forms and

features of land surfaces. The topography of
an area could refer to the surface forms and
features themselves, or a description
(especially their depiction in maps).
What is topographic surveying?
• A topographic survey locates all surface

features of a property, and depicts all natural
features and elevations. In essence it is a 3-
dimensional map of a 3-dimensional property
showing all natural and man-made features
and improvements. Specifically, it shows their
location, size, height and any changes in
elevation.
WHAT IS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP?
• Topographic maps are a detailed record of a land area, giving
geographic positions and elevations for both natural and man-
made features. They show the shape of the land the
mountains, valleys, and plains by means of
brown contour lines (lines of equal elevation above sea level).
List two examples of man-made features.
• Some examples of man-made composites are

presented in this chapter, sporting goods,
wind turbine blades, aircraft structures,
automobile structures, and home
construction, which can provide an example of
a broad range of composite structures in
everyday life.
List two examples of natural features.
• Topographic maps also show other kinds of

natural features such as mountains,
vegetation and rivers using contour lines,
colours, shapes and numbers.
• Besides providing information about height
and gradient, the contour lines on
topographic maps also indicate the landform
types and landscape patterns.
What are methods of relief representation on
maps?
• Several relief representation methods had already been invented by
this time, but for military purposes it became more and more
important to adopt methods which were suitable for printing and
reproduction. The most common reproduction techniques of the time
were lithography and chalcography (copper plates); both methods
were perfect to reproduce thin lines.
• With the development of topographic maps, methods for how best to
represent relief became more complex. Hachures are lines of varying
width and length, sometimes even in colour, used just to give the
impression of the relief in the early era, later to depict slope
steepness. When many hachures are drawn, they together show the
forms of the surface configuration giving emphasis to relative
gradient and distribution of shape.
Define Contour interval.
• A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic

map to indicate ground elevation or
depression. A contour interval is the vertical
distance or difference in elevation between
contour lines. Index contours are bold or
thicker lines that appear at every fifth contour
line.
How do you choose proper contour interval?
• A contour map consists of contour lines of a

given geographical region. To keep the
contour map simple and easy to read, not
every contour line is marked with its elevation
reading. These marked or labeled lines are
known or termed as Index Contour Lines.
• The calculation of the contour intervals is as below:
• Step 1:
• Firstly locate 2 index contour lines that are labeled with a specific elevation.
• Step 2:
• Now calculate the difference between the two-selected index contour line
selected from a map.
• To take the difference, subtract the higher elevated line with the lower elevated
line reading.
• Step 3:
• Now count the number of non-index lines contour lines between the 2 index
contour lines selected for the contour interval calculating in the 1st step.
• Step 4:
• The number of lines obtained in the above step is taken and added with 1.
• For Ex: If the number of lines between 2 index lines are 5. Then add 1 to 5 that
becomes 6.
• Step 5:
• the final step is the quotient of the difference between 2 index lines (step 2) and
the number of lines in between two index lines plus 1 (step 5).
• Step 6:
• The final answer we get after dividing is the contour interval of the specific
topographical map
What is the meaning of contour interpolation?
• The process of drawing contour lines by

inferring their plan position and trend from
spot levels or from other contours, assuming
the intervening ground to have uniform slope.
Where the spot levels are sparse, the process
requires knowledge of the land or lie of the
seams.
What are the methods used for linear interpolation?
• There are different types of interpolation methods. They are:

• Linear Interpolation Method – This method applies a distinct linear polynomial between
each pair of data points for curves, or within the sets of three points for surfaces.
• Nearest Neighbour Method – This method inserts the value of an interpolated point to
the value of the most adjacent data point. Therefore, this method does not produce any
new data points.
• Cubic Spline Interpolation Method – This method fits a different cubic polynomial
between each pair of data points for curves, or between sets of three points for surfaces.
• Shape-Preservation Method – This method is also known as Piecewise cubic Hermite
interpolation (PCHIP). It preserves the monotonicity and the shape of the data. It is for
curves only.
• Thin-plate Spline Method – This method consists of smooth surfaces that also extrapolate
well. It is only for surfaces only
• Biharmonic Interpolation Method – This method is applied to the surfaces only.
List two characteristics of contour lines.
• Characteristics of Contours
• Must close on themselves, on or off the map.
• Perpendicular to the direction of max. ...
• Slope between them is assumed uniform.
• The distance between them indicates the steepness
of the slope, gentle or steep.
• Irregular signify rough, smooth signify gradual slopes.
• Concentric closed contours: hills or depression.
List two applications/uses of topographic
map
• A topographic survey is an important tool used
by a variety of professionals, ranging from
architects and construction workers to engineers
and government agencies. Advance Surveying &
Engineering, an established member of the
Minnesota Society of Professional Surveyors and
one of the leading surveying companies serving
St. Paul, is happy to share insights into a
topographic survey’s applications and uses.

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ADISS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHINOLOGY

UNIVERSITYCIVIL ENGINERING DEPARTMENT

1.ABDULJEWAD HAYREDIN -----------------CEP005/10

• Topography is the study of the forms and

• A topographic survey locates all surface

• Some examples of man-made composites are

• Topographic maps also show other kinds of

• A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic

• A contour map consists of contour lines of a

• The process of drawing contour lines by

• There are different types of interpolation methods. They are:

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