Propulsion Ancillary System and Gas

Turbine (PASGT)

3AE Julie Mar Ayuman

Gas Turbine
• Gas-turbine engine: Any internal combustion engine,
employing a gas as the working fluid which is used to turn
a turbine.
Gas Turbine
• The term also is
conventionally used to
describe a complete
internal combustion engine
consisting of at least

• • A compressor,
• • A combustion chamber,
and
• • A turbine.
Gas Turbine
• In the gas turbine, there is a continuous flow of the
working fluid.
• The gas-turbine operates on the principle of the Brayton
cycle, where compressed air is mixed with fuel, and
burned under constant pressure conditions
• It may drive a generator, pump, or propeller or, in the case
of a pure jet aircraft engine, develop thrust by
accelerating the turbine exhaust flow through a nozzle
Gas Turbine applications:
• Power Generation
• Aviation
• Oil and Gas industry
• Marine Propulsion

• In marine Application, Gas turbine is used as main engine

to drive the ship or as a auxiliary engine(generator) that
provides electricty for the whole ship
• Gas turbines can be started and stopped quickly enabling
them to be brought into service as required to meet
energy demand peaks.
• Small unit sizes and their low thermal efficiency restricted
the opportunities for their wider use for electricity
generation
• A Gas Turbine is used in aviation and marine fields
because it is self contained, light weight not requiring
cooling water and fit into the overall shape of the
structure.
Limitations of the gas turbine:
• 1.They are not self starting
• 2.non reversibility
• 3.Higher rotor speeds
• 4.Low overall plant efficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gas Turbine Power Plant Classifications
• The different types of Gasturbine engine (GTE) all use the
same basic principles already discussed. A GTE is
classified by its construction (the type of compressor,
combustor, or shaft system used etc.).
Gas Turbine Power Plant Classifications

1.By Application
2.By Clycle
3.According to Arrangement
4.According to Combustion
5.By Fuel
1.By Application
• A.Aircraft • C.Locomotive
-Jet Propulsion • D.Marine
-Prop-Jet • E.Transport
• B.Stationary
-Peak Load Unit
-Stand by Unit
-End of Transmission
2.By Clycle
• A.Open Cycle
• B.Closed Cycle
• C.Semi-Closed
3.According to Arrangement
• A.Simple
• B.Single Shaft
• C.Multi Shaft
• D.Inter cooled
• E.Reheat
• F.Regenerative
• G.Combination
4.According to Combustion

A.Continuous combustion
B.Intermittent combustion

5.By Fuel
A.Solid fuel
B.Liquid fuel
C.Gaseous fuel
Working Principles of Gas Turbine

• A cycle is a process that begins with certain conditions,

progresses through a series of additional conditions, and
returns to the original conditions. The basic GTE cycle is
named for the Boston engineer, George Brayton, who
proposed it in the late nineteenth century.
Working Principles of Gas Turbine
• 1.Air is compressed(squeezed) to high pressure bya
compressor.
• 2.Then fuel and compressed airare mixed in a
combustion chamber and ignited.
• 3.Hot gases are given off, which spin the turbine wheels.

Gas turbines burn fuels such asoil, natural gas and

pulverized(powdered) coal.
Working Principles of Gas Turbine
 
 
 
 Working Principles of Gas Turbine
Intake—At point 1, air enters the inlet at atmospheric pressure and
ambient temperature.

Compression—As the air passes through the compressor, it increases in

pressure and temperature and decreases in volume (line 1-2).

Combustion—At point 2, combustion occurs at constant pressure while

the addition of heat causes a sharp increase in volume (line 2-3).

Expansion —The gases at constant pressure and increased volume enter

the turbine and expand through it. As the gases pass through the turbine
rotor, the rotor turns kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The
expanding size of the passages causes further increase in volume and a
sharp decrease in pressure and temperature (line 3-4).

Exhaust—The gases are released through the stack with a large drop in
volume and atconstant pressure (line 4-1).
Basic Parts of Gas Turbine

Compressors, Cobustors
and Turbine

Gas turbine is comprised of

three main sections a
compressor, a
combustor/combustion
chamber, and a power
turbine
Compressors
• The air compressor and turbine are mounted at either
end on a common shaft, with the combustion chamber
between them.

• Gas turbines are not self starting. A starting motor is

used.

• The air compressor sucks in air and compresses it,

thereby increasing its pressure.
Compressors
• The two principal types of compressors are the
centrifugal flow and the axial flow.

• The centrifugal-flow compressor draws in air at the center

or eye of the impeller and accelerates it around and
outward. In the axialflow compressor, the air is
compressed while continuing its original direction of flow
(parallel to the axis of the compressor rotor).
Centrifugal Compressor
• The centrifugal compressor is usually located between
the accessory section and the combustion section.

• The basic compressor section consists of an impeller,

diffuser, and compressor manifold. The diffuser is bolted
to the manifold. Often the entire assembly is referred to
as the diffuser.
Centrifugal Compressor
Principle operation of Centrifuagal Compressors
• The compressor draws in the air at the hub of the impeller
and accelerates it radially by centrifugal force through the
impeller.
• It leaves the impeller at a high velocity and a low pressure
and flows through the diffuser .
• The diffuser converts the high-velocity, LP air to
lowvelocity, HP air. The compressor manifold diverts the
flow of air from the diffuser (an integral part of the
manifold) into the combustion chambers.
Construction
• The impeller is usually made from a forged aluminum
alloy that is heat-treated, machined, and smoothed for
minimum flow restriction and turbulence. Some types of
impellers are made from a single forging, while in other
types the inducer vanes are separate pieces that are
welded in place.
Some advantages of centrifugal compressors
• simple in design

• Relatively light in weight

• Develop high-pressure ratio per stage

Some disadvantages of centrifugal compressors
• Large frontal area

• Lower efficiency than axial-flow compressors

• Difficulty in using two or more stages due to the air loss

that occurs between stages and seals
Axial-Flow Compressors
• The purpose of the axial compressor is the same as the
centrifugal compressor. take in ambient air and increase
its velocity and pressure. The air is then discharged
through the diffuser into the combustion chamber. The
two main elements of an axial-flow compressor are the
rotor and the stator .
Axial-Flow Compressors
• The stators at each stage act as diffusers, partially
converting this high velocity to pressure. The number of
stages required in a compressor is determined by the
amount of air and total pressure rise required by the GTE.
The greater the number of stages, the higher the
compression ratio.
• Most present-day engines have 8 to 16 stages.
Axial-Flow Compressors
Axial-Flow Compressors
• The two main types of axial compressor rotors are
• Drum type-The blades and stators vary in their radial length from
the front to the rear of the assembly. The compressor case tapers
accordingly. This type of construction is satisfactory for low-speed
compressors where centrifugal stresses are low.

• Disk type- The disk-type rotor consists of a series of disks of

increasing diameter which are machined from forgings and shrunk
fit over a steel shaft. Another method of rotor construction is to
machine the disks and shaft from a single aluminum forging and
bolt steel stub shafts on the front and rear of the assembly.
Contruction Blading
• Each stage of an axial compressor has a set of rotor and
stator blades. Stator blades may also be referred to as
vanes. The construction of these blades is important to
efficient operation of a GTE.
Rotor and Stator Blades
• The rotor blades are usually made of aluminum, titanium,
or stainless or semistainless steel.

• The Stator vanes project radially toward the rotor axis and
fit closely on either side of each stage of the rotor. The
stator vanes are made of alloys with corrosion- and
erosion-resistant qualities.
Combustor/ Combustion Chamber

• The combustion chamber

is the component in which
the fuel-air mixture is
burned. The combustion
chamber consists of a
casing, a perforated inner
shell, a fuel nozzle, and a
device for initial ignition
(igniter).
Combustor/ Combustion Chamber
• The number of combustion chambers used in a GTE
varies widely; as few as one and as many as 16
combustion chambers have been used in one GTE. The
combustion chamber is the most efficient component of a
GTE.
Combustor/ Combustion Chamber
• The three types of combustion chambers are the (1) can,
(2) annular, and (3) can-annular.

• The can-type chamber is used primarily on engines that

have a centrifugal compressor. The annular and
canannular types are used on axial-flow compressors.
Can Chamber
• The can-type combustion
chamber has individual
liners and cases mounted
around the axis of the
engine. Each chamber
contains a fuel nozzle.
This arrangement makes
removing a chamber easy,
but it is a bulky
arrangement and makes a
structurally weak engine.
Annular Chamber
• The annular-type combustion
chamber is probably one of
the most popular combustion
systems in use. The
construction consists of a
housing and liner the same as
the can type. The difference
between the two is in the liner.
On large engines, the liner
consists of an undivided
circular shroud extending all
the way around the outside of
the turbine shaft housing.
Can-Annular Chamber
• The can-annular type of
combustion chamber
combines some of the
features of both the can
and the annular burners.
The can-annular type of
chamber design is a result
of the split-spool
compressor concept
Turbines
• Consists of one or more
stages. Designed to
develop rotational energy.
Uses sets of nozzles &
blades.
Turbines
• The GTE differs from the steam turbine chiefly in (1) the
type of blading material used, (2) the means provided for
cooling the turbine shaft bearings, and (3) the lower ratio
of blade length to wheel diameter.

• The turbine that drives the compressor of a GTE is

located aft of the combustion chamber outlet. The turbine
consists of two basic elements, the stator or nozzle, and
the rotor.
Turbines
• Gas Generator Turbine - The turbine that drives the
compressor of a GTE is located aft of the combustion
chamber outlet. The turbine consists of two basic
elements, the stator or nozzle, and the rotor.

• Power Turbines -The PT is a multistage turbine located

behind the GG turbine. The two turbines have no
mechanical connection between them.
Turbine Stator
• The stator element of the turbine section is known by a
variety of names. The most common are turbine nozzle
vanes and turbine guide vanes.
• Turbine stators are usually referred to as nozzles. The
turbine nozzle vanes are located directly aft of the
combustion chambers and immediately forward of, and
between, the turbine wheels.
Turbine Stator
Turbine Rotors
• The rotor element of the turbine consists of a shaft and
bladed wheel(s). The wheel(s) is attached to the main
power transmitting shaft of the GTE. The jets of
combustion gas leaving the vanes of the stator element
act upon the turbine blades, making them rotate. The
turbine wheel can rotate in a speed range of about 3,600
to 42,000 rpm
• The turbine wheel is a dynamically balanced unit
consisting of blades attached to a rotating disk. The disk
in turn is attached to the rotor shaft of the engine.
Turbine Rotors
Main Bearings
• The main bearings have the critical function of supporting
the main engine rotor. For the most part, the number of
bearings necessary for proper engine support is decided
by the length and weight of the engine rotor.
• The length and weight are directly affected by the type of
compressor used in the engine.
Main Bearings
• They offer little rotational resistance.
• They facilitate precision alignment of rotating elements.
• They are relatively inexpensive.
• They may be easily replaced.
• They can withstand high momentary overloads.
• They are simple to cool, lubricate, and maintain.
• They can accommodate both radial and axial loads.
• They are relatively resistant to elevated temperatures.
Gas Turbine Shaftings
• Single Shaft- Power coupling on same shaft as turbine.
-Same shaft drives rotor of compressor and power
components

• Split/Dual Shaft- Gas generator turbine drives

compressor. Power turbine separate from gas generator
turbine. Power turbine driven by exhaust from gas
generator turbine. Power turbine drives power coupling
Single Shaft
Split/Dual Shaft
Open Cycle Gas Turbines
• Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle Air at
ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where
its temperature and pressure are raised. The high
pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber,
where the fuel is burned at constant pressure. The
hightemperature gases then enter the turbine where they
expand to atmospheric pressure while producing power
output. Some of the output power is used to drive the
compressor. The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are
thrown out to the atmosphere (not re-circulated), causing
the cycle to be classified as an open cycle
Open Cycle Gas Turbines
Close Cycle Gas Turbines
• It uses air as working medium. In closed cycle gas turbine plant,
the working fluid (air or any other suitable gas) coming out from
compressor is heated in a heater by an external source at
constant pressure.
• The high temperature and high-pressure air coming out from the
external heater is passed through the gas turbine.
• The fluid coming out from the turbine is cooled to its original
temperature in the cooler using external cooling source before
passing to the compressor.
• The working fluid is continuously used in the system without its
change of phase and the required heat is given to the working
fluid in the heat exchanger.
Close Cycle Gas Turbines
Methods of Improvement of Thermal Efficiency of
Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant

• 1.Intercooling
• 2.Reheating
• 3.Regeneration
Intercooling
• A compressor utilizes the major percentage of power
developed by the gas turbine. The work required by the
compressor can be reduced by compressing the air in two
stages and incorporation a intercooler between the two.

• Work Ratio is increased Thermal efficiency decreases but

it increases at high pressure ratio.
Intercooling
Reheating
• The output of gas turbine can be improved by expanding
the gasses in two stages with a reheater between the two.

• The H.P. turbine drives the compressor and the LP turbine

provides useful power output.
Reheating
Regeneration/ Regenerator

• The exhaust gasses from the turbine carry a large

quantity of heat with them since their temperature is far
above the ambient temperature.  They can be used to
heat air coming from the compressor there by reducing
the mass of fuel supplied in the combustion chamber.
Regeneration/ Regenerator
Reheating, Intercooling and Regenerator
Merits and Demerits of Closed Loop Cycle Turbine
over Open Loop Cycle turbine
Merits: Demerits:
-Higher thermal efficiency n -Complexity
-Reduced size -Large amount of cooling
-No contamination water is required.
-Improved heat transmission -Dependent System
-Lesser Fluid friction -Not economical for moving
-No loss in working medium vehicles as weight /kW
-Greater output developed is high.
-Inexpensive fuel. -Requires the use of very
large air heater.
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plants over Diesel
Plants

• Work developed per kg of air is more than diesel plant

• Less vibrations due to perfect balancing and no
reciprocating parts
• Less space requirements 
• Capital cost is less 
• Higher mechanical efficiency 
• Running speed of the turbine is large 
• Lower installation and maintenance costs 
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plants over Diesel
Plants
• Torque characteristics of turbine plants are better than
diesel plant Ignition and lubrication systems are simpler 
• Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) does not increase
with time in gas turbine plant as rapidly in diesel plants 
• Poor quality fuel can be used
• Light weigh with reference to Weight to power ratio is
less for gas turbine power plants
• Smoke less combustion is achieved in gas power plants
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plants over
Steam Plants
• No ash handling
• Low capital cost and running costs
• Space requirement is less
• Fewer auxiliaries are used
• Can be built relatively quicker
• Can brought on load quickly to support peak loads
• Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine is higher than
steam when working on top temperature (>5500C)
Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plants over
Steam Plants
• Gas turbine plants quite economical for short running
hours
• Storage of fuel is smaller and handling is easy.
• Less cooling water required for gas turbine plants
compared to steam Weight per H.P. is far less
• Can be installed any where
• Control of gas turbine is much easier.