KSRM College of Engineering-Kadapa

Construction, Planning and Management

Prof V.Giridhar M.Tech, Ph.D

KSRM College of Engineering
Kadapa
 SYLLABUS
Subject Subject
Subject Title L T P IM EM Credits
Code Category
1501708 PJ Construction Planning and Management 03 01 00 30 70 03

Course Objectives:
•Understand the importance of construction management, resource management and what the stages of construction activity are?
•To know how to prepare scheduling in construction activity. significance of PERT and CPM and make use of these two techniques how to
develop a network diagram for construction
•To know various types of equipments in construction and their usage in varied works usage of mechanization and its effect on
productivity. Applications of machinery in different types of constructions are?
•Understand importance of inspection and how to maintain quality in different stages. Recognize the standards of materials and effective
utilization of skilled persons in construction. Effect of ethical procedures in construction.
•To know the importance of safety measures in construction activity, effect of safety benefits to construction workers. Understand the
importance of organization and know how to maintain communications in construction.

Course Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course, student will be able to,
•List the various stages and implementation of management skills in construction
•Possibility usage of sophisticated equipment in construction
•The basics in quality maintains in various stages
•The importance of organization and how correspondence carried out in construing industry.
Unit - 1 Introduction
Significance of Construction Management – Objectives and Functions of Construction Management – Types of Construction –
Resources for Construction Industry –Stages of Construction – Construction Team and Engineering Drawings.

Unit - 2 Construction Planning and New Techniques in Construction Management

Construction Planning: Stages of Planning – Scheduling, Preparation of Material – Equipment – Labor and Finance Schedules – Bar
Charts and Mile Stone Charts
New Techniques in Construction Management: Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method
(CPM) – Break Down of Structures – Classification of Activities – Rules for Developing Networks – Network Development and
Analysis – Critical Activities – Critical Path and Cost Optimization.

Unit - 3 Construction Equipment and Management

Equipment Requirements in Construction Industry, Heavy Earth Moving Equipment – Bulldozers, Scrapers, Loaders Shovels and
Cranes – Compaction Equipment, Grading Equipment, Aggregate Production Equipment, Asphalt Mixing Plant and Asphalt Laying
Plant, Hauling Equipment, Concrete Mixing Equipment, Material Handling Devices, Pneumatic Equipment, Bridge Construction
Equipment, Drilling and Blasting Equipment, Pumping and Dewatering Equipment.

Unit - 4 Inspection and Quality Control, Ethical Audit

Inspection and Quality Control: Need for Inspection and Quality Control Principles of Inspection – Enforcement of Specifications
– Stages of Inspection and Quality Control.
Ethical Audit: Introduction – Aspects of Project Realization – Ethical Audit Procedures – The Decision Makers – Variety of Interest
– Formulation of Briefs – The Audit Statement and Reviews.
Unit - 5 Safety and Risk, Organization of Construction
Safety and Risk: Introduction on Safety and Risk – Concept and Importance of Safety – Types of Risks – Safety and Engineers – Safety
Measures in Construction Work – Design for Safety – Risk Benefit Analysis – Accidents.
Organization of Construction: Principles of Organization – Communication – Leadership and Human Relations – Types of
Organizations – Organization for Construction – Temporary Services and Job Layout.

TEXT BOOKS
P S Gahlot and B M Dhir “Engineering Construction Planning and Management”, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, New
Delhi.
S C Sharma “Construction Equipment and Its Management”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
REFERENCE BOOKS
M Govindarajan, S Natarajan and V S Senthilkumar “Engineering Ethics”, Prentice-Hall of India (P) Limited, New Delhi.
Dr. S Seetharaman “Construction Engineering and Management”, Umesh Publications, New Delhi.
Horpal Singh “Construction Management and Accounts”, Tata McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York.
 Unit-1
1.1 Significance of Construction Planning and Management
 Without a planning it is difficult to complete with in timing

 Construction management is particularly vital to large-scale projects that have more

potential for problems that could significantly delay the project and cost money.

 Construction management is a professional service that provides a project’s owner(s) with

effective management of the project's schedule, cost, quality, safety, scope, and function.

 A construction manager measures each design decision with careful analysis that

calculates the impact that decision will make on the budget and schedule. 

 Planning involving cost, time and following innovative methods( Mechanization,

Innovative materials, Innovative methods), free from legal complaints

 Planning and Management, Both are correlated with each other

 Coordinating the works with various departments

 Construction sector is second largest growing sector in India

 Construction manager should have a quality of four critical skills

Communication

Resolving the Conflicts

Coordinating the all departments

Leadership

 Qualification of the project manager

1.2 Objectives of a construction management
 Complete the project with in time and specified budget( Exceeds, legal issues,
budget approval)

 Evolving the high quality of work (QC Divisions, third part ,)

 Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions( Helmets, safety jackets,

emergency exists, group insurance schemes)

 Taking sound decision at lowest cost for proceeding the work ( Equipment,

method of work, new technology) study the feasibility

 Arrangement of materials in advance at site for avoiding further delay of work

at site

 Select trained and experience staff

 Provide welfare schemes to the staff and labor ( Recreational and medical facilities)

 Incentives to the labor and staff

 Motivating the people to give away their capacity

 Arranging constant flow of funds

 Creating an organization that works as a team

 1.3 Functions of a construction management

 Planning and scheduling

Planning : Number of alternative plans , select best suited plan and it covers

“ what to do” and “ How to do”

Scheduling : Prepare time allotment to the each and every work and showing the
total time for completion..It deals with the “ when to do task.(Bar chart, Mile stone chart
and network techniques)
 Organizing : Project Arranging meaningful tasks

Divisions

Subdivisions
Divisions are 1) Consultant ants

2) Design Engineers

3)Quality Control Engineers

4) Accountants

5) Ministerial staff

6) Executing engineers

7) Supervisors

 Staffing : Organizing involves divisions

Recruiting qualified staff into the divisions

Training

Give a meaningful tasks

Assessing staff functioning

Check their performance periodically.

 Directing : Assigning tasks to the ach staff

Training and Motivating the staff

Directing into the innovation

Find out the best possible way

Utilizing their best efforts for achieving task

 Controlling : Controlling for ensuring effective and efficient working

Arrangements of reviews

check the actual work completed

If any lagging( As per the schedule)

Identify the problem

why it happened

How it can be overcome

Utilizing their best efforts from the staff

 Coordinating : Coordinating the all depts. and sections

Conducting awareness programs to all

Give any assistance required from the other depts.

Conduct regular meetings for coordination between depts.

 1.4 Types of Constructions :

Civil engineering is one of the oldest jobs in the world. Civil engineering deals with constructing,

designing, and maintaining a physical environment. This includes structures such as airports, roads,

bridges, dams, sewerage, railways, and many more.

Specializations in Civil Engineering

 Structural Engineering

 Transportation Engineering

 Water Resources Engineering

 Environmental Engineering

 Geotechnical Engineering

 Remote Science and GIS

 Urban planning and Municipal Engineering

 Materials Engineering

 Ocean Engineering
Structural
 Engineer : Prepare Design and Structural Drawings, Monitor the structural detailing at
sites
Transportation Engineer: Design
 , Construction and Maintenance of transportation system
Water Resources Engineer: Water
 retaining system, transport system
Environmental Engineer: water Treatment
 system and solid waste management system.
Geotechnical
 Engineer: Responsible for structures foundation and dealing land sliding, soil
erosion and earth quakes.
Remote
 sensing and GIS: It is a science, making measurements of earth using sensors through
planes and satellites. GIS is a computer based tool for mapping and analyzing features on earth.
Urban
 Planning and Municipal engineering: Both are involving to provide all amenities required
for a city
Materials engineering:
 Focus on quality and quantity of materials
Ocean Engineering: Study
 the behavior of waves, current and its influence on human society
Based on the method of construction, it is divided into three

 Light construction :Does not require any heavy equipment like residential

buildings. schools. Residential construction technologies, resources and

practices should conform to the codes of practice And local building authority

regulations. 

 Heavy constructions : It requires heavy plants and equipment ,

scope of the work is large

adopt IS codes and consider Environmental issues Get permissions from the central
govt bodies

Skilled persons are required

Adopt new technology

 Industrial Construction
Requires special technology like steel structures and chemical
industries, atomic super thermal plants, petroleum plants
Requires advanced technology
Requires adequate safety measurements
Requires adequate skilled persons
 1.5 Resources for construction industry
Usually Resources of construction is divided in to 4 M
Materials
Manpower
Machinery
Money
 Materials : Such as Bricks, stones , cement, aggregates, steel, timber,
shuttering, scaffolding, electrical and Plumbing. All materials will be dumped at site
Before commencement if sufficient place is available at site .
 Manpower: Man power can be divided into four groups
Technical( Masons, technicians, dozer operators)
Non technical ( Supervisors, Man mazdoor and woman mazdoor)
Managerial ( Accountants)
Office staff
 Machinery : Deployment of heavy machinery is essential and well in advance
Deployment based on the type of structure, technology,
 Money : Constant flow of funds are require to reach their tasks, Adequate

funds , Financial planning (cost inflow and out flow)

All above are depending on space availability at site.

1.6 Stages of construction
 1.6 Stages in construction:
Briefing stage
Designing Stage
Tendering Stage
Construction Stage
Commissioning Stage
 Briefing stage : Study the concept of the structure and it is a report stage
Study the Economic viability
Interact with Client about their requirements
Appoint a project manager and carried over the investigation
Prepare DPR
Take permissions from the local authorities
Permissions from central govt ( Ecology, forest, Environment and other bodies)
Prepare alternative plans and finalized best suited plan( Architect or civil eng)
 Designing stage : Important stage, modifications after this stage is difficult
This is a preliminary stage to alter their requirement
Let the structural engineer shall prepare the design suitable design
Numerous decisions are made at this stage, including how large the building will be, how space will be used, and
how many rooms will be needed.
Check its with latest software's and finalized best suited with consult of client
Tendering Stage : It has two stages pretendering stage and post tendering stage
Pretendering stage : Before participate into the tender visit site and study the Location of the structure
Resources availability( Materials, manpower)
Accessibility, these all are influencing the cote the rate
Post tendering stage : Finalization of tender
Negotiations
Approval engineering drawings
Handover of site
Prepare contract document
Construction stage : Execution of work as per the deign and drawings
Procure resources to the site in advance ( Scheduling– Procurement)
Maintain quality
Follow contract document during the construction
Check progress of the work, if any short fall , overcome with coordination
Many activities are involved and know the interrelation shop
Commissioning stage : Hand over the structure ( Date and Time)
Check the stability and performance
Maintenance period
Record all readings as per the executed condition
 1.7 Construction Team :
Consultants : Get permissions from central govt
Client : Owner of the structure for private and state govt for public works, Final authoritative person,
decision maker

Engineer:
 Analyze typical plans, survey reports, maps, and other data for planning and designing of projects
 DPR Preparation including construction costs, government regulations, potential environmental
hazards and other factors during the planning and risk-analysis stages of a project
 Oversee and analyze the results of soil testing to determine the adequacy results and use the relevant
test results like SBC for foundations.
 Analyze the results of tests on building materials, such as concrete, wood, asphalt, or steel, for use in
particular projects
 Prepare cost estimates for materials, equipment, or labor to determine a project's economic feasibility
 Use design software to prepare plan and design transportation systems, hydraulic systems, and
structures in line with industry and government standards
 Perform or oversee surveying operations to establish building locations, site layouts, reference
points, grades, and elevations to guide construction
 Prepare and Submit RA and FFbills
 Quality maintenance during the execution
 Manage the repair, maintenance, and replacement of public and private infrastructure
 Project manager : In charge of entire work
Coordinate all staff
Maintain the progress
Maintain constant flow of funds
 Contractor : May be a individual or a firm
Responsible for progress
If needed appoint subcontractor
 Work force : Ensure their work allotted according to their allotted tasks
1.8 Engineering Drawings : These are Orthographical Representation
Tender Drawing
contract Drawing
Working Drawing

Tendering Drawing : First evidence of the project

These are Preliminary deign and drawings at briefing stage
Project Proposal drawings and included in DPR
For tendering purpose and approved by competent authority ( SE or CE)
Contract drawings: After completion of the tendering process and finalization of the tendering
Process
These are issued to the contractor by competent authority ( SE or CE)
As per these construction of structure will be proceeded
Deviations are allowed in these drawing except in exceptional cases by the approval
of competent authority ( SE or CE)

Working Drawings : After allowing modifications

Prepare a separate set of drawings allowing all modifications suggested during the
construction which are used to be further reference
 Unit-2
Construction Planning and New Techniques in Construction Management

 2.1 Stages of planning ; Planning is essential , stages are divided into

1) Pretendering stage
2) Construction stage
Pretendering stage : Best opportunity to prepare realistic method to prepare proper bid
Contractor's aim is benefited to profit, happened due to realistic approach by visiting the
site before bidding.
Pre tendering report based on the Site investigation
Availability of resources
Transportation facilities
Local weather condition
Requirement of new technology
Examine the specification and drawings
Economical viability( Concrete, windows)
Tentative schedule ( Season)
Deciding the overheads, marginal profit.
Contract stage : It is also called as post tendering stage , this stage commences after completion of
tendering process and finalization of tender. In this stage detailed planning to organize various activities.
Inadequate planning may leads to delay. It involves following steps
Establishing good communication between construction team
Evaluate alternative construction methods use in reality
Study interrelation ship between activities and finalization of correct sequence
Calculate construction materials quantity and procure in advance
Expertisation in facing crises management
Maintain quality
2.2 Scheduling : It is the process of fitting the time to the each and ever activity and final completion
time . In this shows sequential relationship among various activities. Scheduling has to be prepared for all
resources . Check the progress at different levels and identify any delays, overcome the delay follow the
suitable measures. It includes
Time schedule of each activities and final time for completion of the project
Monitoring the progress and corrective measures if required
Sequential order if all activities
Identify Interdependency activities
 Scheduling can be prepared :
Bar chart
Mile stone Chart
Network technique
 2.2 a) Preparing material schedule: Material scheduling prepared for weekly/ monthly
based on the requirement of progress and space availability. Materials will be procured in advance
according to the schedule
Typical material schedule
Name of the work :------------- Prepared by:-----------
Site Location :------------- Date---------

Materials Units Wee Week Week Week Week

k1 2 3 4 5
Cement 100 Mt 20 20 20 20 20
Aggregates 125 25 25 25 25 25
(Mixed ) Units
Steel 50 Mt 10 10 10 10 10
Sand 150 30 30 30 30 30
Units
 2.2 b) Preparation of labor schedule : The labor schedule serves the following
purpose during the construction
It gives clear idea of labor requirement in forth coming weeks
Noting the actual labor force and make payment easily
Resource allocation can be known with this schedule
Name of the work-------------- Prepared By--------------
Site location --------------- Date---------

Manpower Weeks
1(No) 21(No) 31(No) 41(No) 51(No)

Foreman 5 5 4 4 4
Masons ( Skilled ) 10 10 10 8 8
Masons ( Semiskilled) 20 20 20 16 16
Bartenders 10 10 10 10 10
 2.2 c) Preparation of Equipment Schedule : Deployment of equipment into the
construction site in advance is essential. For maintain smooth progress of the work, equipment usage
is essential. This schedule will help to reallocation of equipment.
Name of the work--------------- Prepared by------------------
Site location------------- Date --------------------

Name of the Week

Equipment
1 2 3 4 5 6

Concrete 2 2 2 2 3 3
Mixer
Elevators 2 2 2 2 2 2

Vibrators 5 5 5 5 5 5
 2.3 A) Scheduling by bar charts:
Time allotment of each and every activity can be shown
It is a conventional method for showing scheduling( Henry Grantt)
It has two coordinates axis ( Activity, Time)
Time indicating with a box, line or thick line
Time allotment based on the quantity, resources and technology
These are using to check the overall progress and progress of each activity
Used for predicting the quantity of materials and manpower

S.No Activity Dates

1-7 8-14 15-21 22-28 29-5 6-14- 15-21

1 Earth work
Excavation
2 PCC
3 Stone
masonry
4 Footing
concrete
5 Columns
above PLB
Draw backs of bar charts:
It does not shows clearly regarding inter relationships
Many activities crushed during the construction in large structure but this does
not show any reason and it not given any solution.
It does not shows any dependency of activity
It does not shows any critical activities, logic and how to control the activities
 2.3 B) Scheduling with milestone chart:
Similar to the bar chart along with milestones are showing at segmental level .
To check the progress at different levels
More number of milestones will gives good progress and quality

S.N Activity Dates

o
1-7 8-14 15-21 22-28 29-5 6-14- 15-21 22-30 31 7-
-6 14
1 Earth work
Excavation
2 PCC
3 Stone
masonry
4 Footing Milest
concrete one-1

5 Columns Mile
above PLB stone
-2

6 Slab Mile
 2.4 Network Techniques In construction management: It is a effective tool for planning ,
scheduling and controlling construction work. Two common networks are
PERT( Program Evaluation of Review Technique)
CPM ( Critical Path Method)
PERT( Program Evaluation of Review Technique): Developed by Navy Engineer from USA, worked on
Polaris Missile Program during 1957-58.
Used For Research Program
Event Orient
Expected time evaluated by Optimistic time
Pessimistic Time Te = to+4tt+tp/6
Most Likely Time
Not related to the cost
Prior data not available
CPM ( Critical Path Method): It is developed in 1956 from USA, this method was successfully tried
sick industry( Chemical ) and it was usefully carried out repair.
Gives meaningful solution
Event oriented
Time and cost are directly depending
In India, this method was used frequently because of suitability
If any activity cramp, it clearly shows how/ and solution for cramp
Shows economical way to speed up the project
Shows schedule of materials and qty also.
 2.5 Break down of structures( BDS) : It is a technique to develop

Functional relation ship between elements

It is the hierarchical order of system
Braking of work into sub works
It is helpful to know the sequential relation ship
Let us take a example of

Compound wall

Earth work Plain cement Stone

Combined
Excavation concrete masonry
columns

Cover to the Conc

Reinforcemen
Reinforceme reteti
t
nt ng
Each activity should divided into number of sub activities to make into simple. Each
activity and Sub activities have individual task, complete within time. Each activity can
be planned properly, scheduled properly and controlled properly
2.6 Classification of Activities :
Activity : Performance of a specific task, operation, job and which consumes time and
resources . Which is fitted between events. Ex : Earth work exaction, PCC

Activity
Event Event

Event : An instantaneous point in time marking beginning and end of the activity
Ex: Starting of earth work exaction, end of earth work excavation

Activity
Event Event
15
0
15
Network : Network is a diagrammatical representation of a work plan showing activities
and events showing step by step , leading to establish a certain goal.
Network Representation : Two systems are there
a) Activity on arrow
b) Activity on node
Activity on Arrow : An activity is graphically represented by an arrow drawn from left to
right and described on top of the arrow. Length of the arrow does not representing time.

Shuttering 2
Fix the
1 starting of both
1 Reinforcement 2 Reinforcement start after
shuttering
3 Commencement of concrete
Procure Materials
3
Activity on Node : Here activities are representing in a node and arrows shows the
dependency relation between activities. Time is representing with in node.
B
A 3
0 D
5
C
5

Classification of activities :
Activity of construction actually to be executed
Activity Involves ordering and delivery of materials
Activities are procurement of equipment to the site
Activity involving decision such as approvals and inspections.
Which involving administrative measures such as tenders, preparation of DPR
2.7 Rules for developing network:
Rule1: No activity can commence until all proceeding activities have been completed
Build a wall Plaster a wall
1 2 3
4 days 2 days

Procurement of
4 materials
7days
Procurement of Stone Pointing
5 manpower Masonry
7 8 9
10days 3days 1days

5days
6 Procurement of
Machinery
Rule 2: A dummy activity is introduced in the network either show the dependency or to
avoid duplicate numbering of activities. It is a artificial activity and it does not have any
sources and time. For controlling the network, a dummy activity is introducing in the
Network
Erect Beam
Concrete Pier
1 3 4

Precast beam
2 Dummy activity

Rule :3 Logical placement of an activity in the network is governed by the following

considerations
1) Precedence 1 2 3 4
2) Concurrence Brick Masonry Internal Plastering Interior painting
3) Subsidence
 concurrence
2 Pointing
Excavatio
n Filling with
carted earth
1 Dummy activity 4 5

PCC Stone
3 Masonry

Rule :4 No activity should lead back to a previous event i.e. the must not be looping
Place concrete
1 2

Cure concrete
Test concrete

3
Rule 5 ; In any network there must only one start and one finish and it has any number of activities
in between. No activity should not left dangling
3
Dismantle Temporary
shed
Erect Plant
1 2

Commissioning
of plant 4
 2.8 Net work development and analysis:
a) Logic for Network Development: For Logical development of network following has
to
Known
Know about proceeding and succeeding activities ( Sequential Order)
Know about logic between activities
Know about the critical activities
Know about concurrence activities

Diverging

Convergent :
Parallel:

b) Assigning duration of activity : After developing network, time allot to the each activity,
Time estimate made

Individual activity based on the responsibility

Time estimates based on such as type of workers, equipment, materials and Funds
Quantity of activity, site conditions and construction methods
C) Network Analysis: Fulkerson’s rules
Step1: In every network there is one “ Initial event” and no arrows entering it. Allocate
as this as initial event 1
Step2 : Any number of arrows coming out from initial event and number as 1,2,3 either
from top to bottom and vice versa
2

1
3

4
4
Step:3: Treat as 2,3,4 as initial event and allow “n” number of arrows and number it as
Step 2 5
2

6
1 3 7

4 8
Step 4: Number of arrows coming to end event, no arrows coming out from end event
9

1
0 12

1
1

3 5

7
1 2

4 6
Head Event Tail Event
1 2
2.9 Net work Analysis:
Earliest Event Time( Te): Earliest possible occurrence of time, i.e. Earliest possible
time when all activities leading to an event will be completed. Always be a forward pass
TE 4
2-3- 2
TE 0
7 TE 11,6,5=11
10 4 8-4-12
4 TE 2 = TE 1 +t 12 =0+4=4
1
TE 0 6 TE3 = TE 1 +t 13 = 0+0=0
0 3 5 T 4 = T 3 +t = 0+5=5
E E 34
TE4 = TE 2 +t 24 = 4+7=11
TE4 = TE 0 +t 14 = 0+6=6
Latest Event Time ( TL) : It is latest possible occurrence of event without delaying the
project completion time i.e. it is the latest time when all activity leading to an event may be
completed without delaying the project completion time. All ways be a backward pass.
2
TL= TL 3 = TL 4 – t 34 =11-5=6
Te=11 TL 2 = TL 4 – t 24 =11-7=4
4 4
1 TL 1 = TL 4 – t 14 =11-6=5
TL 6,0,5= 0 TL=11 TL 1 = TL 2 – t 12 =4-4=0
3
TL 1 = TL 3 – t 13 =6-0=6
TL=6
Earliest starting time ( EST): It is the earliest time when an activity can commence.
EST: TE of the tail event =TE I
T
E
2 = TE 1 + t12 = 0+4=4
TE 1=0 4 2
5
16

3
Earliest Finishing time ( EFT): It is the earliest time when the activity finished
EFT : EST of activity time

T 3 =
E TE 1 + t13 = 0+6=6
T 3 =
E TE 2 + t23 = 4+5=9 Finally T 3 =9
E

Latest finishing time( LFT): It is latest time when an activity may be finished without
delaying the completion time of the project

LFT= TL of the head event = TL I

Latest starting Time( LST): It is the latest time when an activity may be started without
delaying the completion of the project .
LST : LFT- t ij
2.10 Slack : It requires Earliest Expected Time ( TE) and Latest allowable occurrence of
time ( TL) . The difference between the two times of an activity indicates he the range
between two times of activities.
S= TL – TE

Positive Slack : TL is more than TE

TL is less than TE
Negative slack =

Zero slack; TL is TO TE

Critical events : Where ever the zero slack at events , all are critical events and connecting of all critical events to be the critical path
1) Identify the critical events and draw critical path

TE=15
S=0
3
TE =0 TE=5 10 TL=15,237 4
S=0 S=0 TE=22,17=22 TE= 19,27,21=27
1 2 5 S=0 6 S=0
5 12 5
TL=0 TL =11,10,5 8 TE=13 TL = 22 8 TL = 27

4 S= -6
TL = 19

Critical events are =1,2,3,5,6

Critical path is = 1--2,2—3,3—5,5—6.
 2) Identify critical
1 events and draw critical path
TE=9.8
2.

TL=18.3,12.3
1
0 23.7
TE=42,39.9,33.5
1 9.8 1 1 1 .
TE=0 TE=12.3,9.8 TE=30.3,20.7 TE=33.8,32.7
. . . .7
1 3 5 8
12.3 18 3.5 TL=33.8 8.2
TL=12.3 TL=30.3
TL=42
TL=1.1,0,2.5 1 10.8
9.0 1
TE=11.7
11.7 TE=21.9 18
.
4 .
6
10.2
TL=12.8,21.3 TL=24,23
S.No Event Slack ( TL-TE) Critical Event
1 1 0-0=0 Critical
2 2 12.3-9.8=2.5 Noncritical
3 3 12.3-12.3=0 Critical
4 4 12.8-11.7=1.1 Noncritical
5 5 30.3-30.3=0 Critical
6 6 23-21.9=1.1 Noncritical
7 7 33.8-33.8=0 Critical
8 8 42-42=0 Critical
 6 5

3
9 4
5 10
8 6
4 5 1
1 2 9
0

2 11
8
4 2
7
6

7
2.11 Critical Path Method :
Process of CPM ; CPM is used to make schedule of a project along with planning ,
scheduling and controlling
Planning : Ascertain the logic between activities, resources( 4M)
Scheduling : Time allotment for all activity considering logic and show single time for
every activity, based on the 4M and space.
Controlling : Review of performance of each activity( Deviation of time for each activity),
if any deviation plan it freshly with sufficient time of gap

TE=10
2
TE=0
10 (PCC)
1 7( Reinforcemen
t)
5(Cover)
3
TE=5,17=17
2.12 Float : It is associated with activity times and analogous to the term slack
Slack denotes the flexibility range with in event occur
Float denotes the range which an activity start time and end
Types of floats:
Total float
Free Float
Independent Float
Interfering Float
Total Float ; It is a difference between maximum time available and actual time required
to perform the activity, its difference is called total float
FT = LST-EST
FT = LFT-EFT

FT = ( TL j- TE i ) –tij
Free float: It is a positive float , it is an activity without delaying any succeeding activity.
FF for i—j = T E j—( T E i+ t ij)
= T E j—EFT
FF = EST for successor activity---- EFT of present activity
Independent Float : It is the excess of minimum available time over the required
activity duration. It is equal to the free float minus tail event slack.
F ID = ( T E j– T L i)– t ij

F ID = F F– S I

Interfering Float : Difference between total float and free float

F IT = F T – F F
 1. Identify Critical activities and draw critical path

T E=10
2
T L=18,28

10 8 12
T T E=52
T E=0 T E=18 T E=18,26
E=36,22,40
1 4 5 7 8
8 10 12
T L=0,8 T L=18 T L=26,30 T L=40 T L=52
8
12 6
6
T E=12
T E=34,17
3 6
5
T L=12,29 T L=34
Activity Duration Earliest EST Latest Total Free Independen
( i---j) t ij LST LFT Float float t Float
EFT ( LST TE J (TE J -TL
EST - - I)
_ t ij
EST) EFT

1-2 10 0 10 8 18 8 0 0
1-3 12 0 0 12 0 0 0
12
2-5 8 10 18 26 8 8 0
18
2-7 12 10 28 18 18 10
22 40
3-4 6 12 12 0 0 0
18 18
3-6 5 12 29 17 17 17
17 34
4-5 8 18 0 0 0
26 18
26
5-6 8 26 26 0 0 0
34 34
2. Identify Critical Events and draw critical path with CPM

36 63,42
16,43,38 83
20 20
2 8 9
2 10
41 43 63
36 9 83
4 6 10
0 34,15 8
1 3 4 7
4 2 9
4 6,25,33 55,34
0,5 21
15
5
9
21 25
4
6

25
Activity Duration 20Earliest EST Latest Total Free Independen
( i---j) t ij LST LFT Float float t Float
EFT ( LST TE J (TE J -TL
- - I)
_ t ij
EST EST) EFT

1-2 36 0 36 5 41 5 0 0
1-3 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
2-8 2 36 38 41 5 5 0
43
3-4 2 4 6 4 6 0 0 0
4-5 15 6 21 6 0 0 0
21
4-7 9 6 25 19 19 19
15 34
4-8 10 6 33 27 27 27
16 43
5-6 4 21 21 0 0 0
25 25
6-7 9 25 25 0 0 0
34 34
7-8 9 34 34 0 0 0
 3.Construction Equipment:
3.1 Requirement of construction equipment
 A wide variety of relatively heavy machines which perform
specific construction
 It is customary to classify construction machines in accordance with their
functions such as hoisting, excavating, hauling, grading, paving, drilling, or
pile driving.
 Construction equipments are one of the very important resources of
modern-day construction, especially in infrastructure development projects
Need of the equipment
 Based on the qty
 Based on the perfection ( Quality, Proportion)
 For introducing new Technology
 Time
3.2 Types of Construction Equipment
1.Earth-moving equipment
2.Hauling equipment
3.Hoisting equipment
4.Conveying equipment
5.Aggregate and concrete production equipment
6.Pile-driving equipment
7.Tunneling and rock drilling equipment
8.Pumping and dewatering equipment
3.3 Operations involved in construction of any project
Excavation
Digging of large quantities of earth
Moving them to distances which are sometimes fairly long
Placement
Compacting
Leveling
Dozing
Grading
Hauling
3.4 Heavy Earth moving Equipment:
Earth moving equipments is used in the construction industry to :
• To shift amount of earth
• To dig foundations and landscape areas

Bulldozers,
Scrapers,
Loaders Shovels
Cranes
3.4.1 Bulldozers : A bulldozer is a large powerful tractor, also called as crawler tractor
(track type or chain type) equipped with a substantial (large) metal plate (known as a
blade) in front used to push( move) large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
Material and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to
Loosen densely compacted materials.
APPLICATIONS
Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations
1.For spreading the earth fill
2.For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky terrains.
3.Clearing construction sites.
4.Maintaining haul roads
5.Clearing land from the trees and stumps
6.back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the earth from
one
place to another
3.4.2 Scrapers : The scraper is a large piece of equipment used in mining,
construction, agriculture and other earthmoving applications. The rear part has a
vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front
edge

Vertical Movable Hopper Bowl

Applications :
•Scrapers are the best loading and the best hauling machines.
• Scrapers are used to scrap the ground, load it simultaneously, then transport
it over a distance, dump at the desired place and then spread or layered.
• The ability of these machines to deposit their loads in uniformly thick layer
will facilitate the succeeding spreading operation
• On the return trips to borrow pits the cutting blades of scrapers may be
lowered enough to remove high spots, thereby assisting in maintaining the
haul roads.
• Thus, scrapers are designed to dig, load, haul, dump and spread. Therefore
sometimes it is called “Carryall.
3.4.3 Loaders Shovels
 Power Shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and load it into trucks
or tractor pulled wagons or onto or onto conveyor belts.
 They are capable of excavating all classes of earth, except solid rock,
without prior loosening, like in quarries, mines in any road projects etc.
 Power shovels are considered as basic tool for excavating the materials
and loading.
 They may be mounted on crawler tracks, in which case they are referred
to as crawler mounted shovels. Such shovels have very low travel speeds.

 However, they may be mounted an rubber-tired wheels. Single-engine

self-propelled units are powered and operated from excavator cab.
•The basic parts of a power shovel, include the mounting, cab, boom, dipper stick and
bucket or dipper and under carriage unit.
•Power unit
• Under carriage unit
• Hoist and loading assembly: It is used for hoisting the dipper and loading the
material into
predetermined place.
• It essentially consists of rigid boom and dipper stick which is strongly built to
withstand impact loading while excavation. To operate shovel in favorable condition
i.e. economically, it will be necessary to reduce the depth of penetration of dipper
Applications of power shovels:
•Suitable for close range of work, Capable of digging very hard materials,
• can remove big sized boulders.
• It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel banks, clay,
pits, digging cuts in road works, road-side berms, etc.

3.4.4 Cranes : It a hauling equipment,

•Generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves,
that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally.
 It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other
places. The device uses one or more simple machines to create 
mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability
of a human.
Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading
and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of
materials, and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of 
heavy equipment.
 Crawler type crane Rough Terrain( Wheel Based)

3.5 Compaction equipment : It is the compression of soil particles and it reduces the
total pore space between soil particles, restricting the entry and exist of air and water into
the soil strata.
Requirement of soil compaction :
• To increase the soil strength
•To improve the stability of soil
•To reduce the permeability of soil
•To reduce the erosion damage
3.5. Compaction: It will be done for compacting soil and concrete
3.5.1 Compaction for soils :
Equipment for Compaction of soil
3.5.1.1 Smooth wheel rollers: These are one of the most. common types of compaction
Equipment Used Weighing from 5 to 15 tones. They are suitable for compacting sand, gravel
and broken stones etc. They are used for compacting highway base courses.
3.5.1.2 Pneumatic rollers

• In this type, on the outer surface of a metal cylinder, metal pieces of the shape
of sheep foot are fixed
•Weight of drum is about 1.5 to 10 tone.
• It is suitable for compacting cohesive soil(clays).
3.6 Grading Equipment :A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, motor
grader, or simply a blade, is a form of heavy equipment with a long blade used to create a
flat surface during grading. 

Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads
. In constructing paved roads, they prepare a wide flat base course for the final road surface.

Capacities range from a blade width of 2.50 to 7.30 m (8 to 24 ft) and engines from 93–
373 kW (125–500 hp).
3.7 Hauling Equipment:
Hauling units transport the earth, aggregate, rock, ore, coal and other
materials. Hauling units may be road vehicles or rail-road locomotives. Haulage mainly
consist of trailers pulled by tractors or trucks.
Trucks are hauling units that provide relatively low hauling costs because of their high
travel speeds.

Trucks are hauling units that provide relativity low hauling cost. The productive
capacity of a truck depends on size of load an the number of trips it can make in an hour
Truck function: in transporting excavated material, processed, aggregates and
construction material
3.8 Concrete Mixing unit :
A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller
volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at
the construction site
Advantages of Ready-Mix Concrete
 Better quality concrete is produced as it is made from consistent methods and in advanced
equipment.
 No need to store construction materials at the site.
 Labour associated with the production of concrete is eliminated, thereby reducing labour cost.
 Air and Noise pollution at the job site is reduced.
 Wastage of basic materials at the site is avoided.
 Reduce the time required for construction.
 No delays in completing major projects like constructing dams, roads, bridges, tunnels, etc.
 Economy in the use of raw materials results in conservation of natural resources.
 Safe work practices - No disruption in the project schedules.
 Environment-friendly.
Disadvantages of Ready-Mix Concrete
 Requires huge initial investment.
 Not suitable for small projects (less quantity of concrete is required).
 Need an effective transportation system from the batching plant to the job site.
 Labour should be ready at the site to cast the concrete in position without any
delay to avoid slumps in the mixture.
 Concrete has limited time and should be used within 210 minutes of batching the
plant. Traffic jam or breakdown of the vehicle can create a problem.