Define

Function 18.1 Capacitors

Capacitors in
and series and
Capacitance parallel

18.2 Energy
stored in a
capacitor
Capacitor symbols

unpolarised capacitor
symbol

polarised capacitor symbol

variable capacitor

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/capacit.htm
Uses

Components in electronics and

telecommunication.
Radio and television receivers and in
transmitter circuits.
In power supplies to smooth the rectification of
a.c. into d.c.
In circuits where currents are switched.
Radio receiver

http://www.mikroe.com/old/books/rrbook/chapter3/chapter3d.htm
 In power supplies to smooth the
rectification of a.c. into d.c.

http://electronics-lab-experiment.blogspot.com/2009/02/experiment-study-of-diode-rectifier.html
Capacitor

symbol

 A capacitor or condenser is a device for storing charge

e.g. parallel conducting plates
 Capacitance is typified by a parallel plate arrangement
with a dielectric in between the plates.
 A dielectric is an insulating material, it can be air, oil,
mica, polystyrene or paper. Dielectric between the
parallel plates increases the capacitance of the
capacitor.
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../potsph.html
 Dielectric insulator

Capacitor: Charged conducting

sphere
conducting sphere
+
 Any capacitor is make up
of two conductors
+ +
insulated from one
+ another.

Dielectric insulator
Practical
Capacitors

High Voltage Ceramic Capacitor

Tantalum Capacitor

Aixal Type Electrolytic Capacitor

Paper capacitor
Charging a capacitor.
When a capacitor is connected to a cell, the cell
provides a p.d. across the plates, electrons from the
negative terminal of the cell flows to the negative
plate, and repels the electrons from the positive
plates, the electrons move to the positive terminals
of the cell leaving the positive plate positively
charged. As opposite charges accumulates on the
plates the potential difference across the plates
increases. Charges stop flowing when the p.d.
across the plates equals the p.d. of the cell.
Experiment.
Aim: To investigate the charge stored in a
capacitor.
Procedure:
a) When the switch is
closed, electrons pass
along the wires to
charge the capacitor.
b) The microammeter
indicates the current
V due to the flow of
charge.
c) The p.d. across the
A
capacitor is measured
using a high resistance
voltmeter, connected
across it.
Experiment.
t/s
d) The variable resistor is
initially set at high Q/C
resistance. It is adjusted to V/V
keep the current constant,
until the capacitance is
fully charged. Charged stored
e) When the switch is closed,
a stop watch is started and
the voltmeter reading is
noted at regular intervals.
f) The charged stored, Q in
the capacitor at any time t
is, Q = It
0 time
 Charges stored and p.d. across capacitor
when charge with constant current.

Plot a graph of Q against V.

The graph of Q against V is a Charged stored
straight line
Q = mV
i.e. is p.d. is directly
proportional to the charge
stored.
As charged stored on the
capacitor increase the p.d.
across it increases. 0 potential difference
 Q
C
V

Definition The capacitance of a

capacitor is the
amount of charged
V stored on the plates
Q per unit potential
difference between
-Q the plates.
Q
C
V
where
Q = magnitude of charge
stored on each plate.
V = voltage applied to the
plates.
Unit: C Vˉ¹ = farad (F)

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../potsph.html
Measurement of capacitance
The second method to test
capacitor is to use digital
capacitance meter and is a
little more accurate
compares to analog
multimeter. Connect the test
probe to the capacitor and
read the result from the
meter lcd display. Example, a
100 microfarad should have
the reading of somewhere 90
microfarad to 110
microfarad. Remember,
capacitors have tolerance
www.electronicrepairguide.com/test-capacitor.html
just like resistors.
Capacitance Briefly explain how a capacitor
stores energy.
a) Or Q = C.V  Basically a capacitor stores
b) One farad is the opposite charges on the two
capacitance of a parallel plates a distance
capacitor when the apart. Thus we can imagine
charged stored is 1 that each electron is
C when the p.d. separate from its positive
across it is 1 volt. ions, in doing the separation
work is required against the
1 F = 1 x 10-6 F attractive forces. This work
1 pF = 1 x 10-12 F is stored as electrical
potential energy in the
electric field.
Example 18.1 Solution
If the spherical conductor
If the radius of the has a charge Q, then
spherical conductor is r, the potential on the
what is the capacitance surface is
Q
of the conductor? V
4 or
Since
Q (definition)
C
V
= 4ε₀r
Working voltage
Working voltage is the
maximum voltage that
can be applied across the
capacitor safely. For
voltages above this value
the capacitor breaks
down. This value is
written on the capacitor
beside the value of the
capacitance of the
capacitor.
Energy Stored on a Capacitor
 The energy stored on a capacitor can be
calculated from the equivalent expressions:
 This energy is stored in the electric field.
From the definition of voltage as the energy
per unit charge, one might expect that the
energy stored on this ideal capacitor would
be just QV. That is, all the work done on the
charge in moving it from one plate to the
other would appear as energy stored. But
in fact, the expression above shows that
just half of that work appears as energy
stored in the capacitor. For a finite
resistance, one can show that half of the
energy supplied by the battery for the
charging of the capacitor is dissipated as
heat in the resistor, regardless of the size of
the resistor.
Energy Stored on a Capacitor
(derivation: for info)
Q
When a small positive charge Q is
W   V .dQ as V=Q/C
transferred from the negative 0
plate to the positive plate (the
charge is so small that it does = area under graph
not affect the potential between = 1/2 Q.V
the plates), work is done Charged stored
against the attractive force on
the negative plates.
W = V. Q
If the capacitor is charged from
zero to a final charge of Q,
then
0 potential difference
 Example 18.2 a) W = ½ CV²
An uncharged 0.10 F capacitor is = ½ (0.1x10-6)500²
charged to a p.d. of 500 V by a = 1.25 x 10-2 J
battery. Calculate b) Q= CV
a) the energy stored in the = (0.1x10-6)500
capacitor, = 5.0 x 10-5 C
b) the charged circulated by the
c) Ws= QV
battery,
= 5.0 x 10-5 (500)
c) the energy provided by the
battery, = 2.5 x 10-2 J
d) the total heat dissipated in the d) heat dissipated
resistance of the connecting = Ws - W
wires and of the battery. = 2.5 x 10-2 - 1.25 x 10-2
(Ans. A) 1.25 x 10-2 J; b) 5.0 x 10-5 C;
= 1.25 x 10-2 J
c) 2.5 x 10-2 J; d) 1.25 x 10-2 J)
 Capacitor Combinations
Capacitors in Capacitors in series
parallel add ... combine as reciprocals ...

                                       

 Note opposite to resistance.

 Capacitors in series

a) The charge on the right

hand plate is the same. V1
The equivalent capacitor V2
stores the same charge Q
and the p.d. across it is the
same as the p.d. across the
series capacitors. Cr
b) The reciprocal of the +Q
resultant (combined, -Q
effective) capacitance Cr is
equal to the sum of the V
reciprocal of the individual V = V1 + V2 + V3 as V= Q/C
capacitance.
1/Cr = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 Q Q Q Q
  
Cr C1 C2 C3
 Capacitors in series
a) The charge on the right a) The effective capacitance
hand plate is the same. The is always smaller than the
equivalent capacitor stores smaller capacitance.
the same charge Q and the b) The effective capacitance
p.d. across it is the same as increases when a
the p.d. across the series capacitance in the series
capacitors. network is removed.
b) The reciprocal of the c) For n identical capacitors
resultant (combined, in series, each of
effective) capacitance Cr is capacitance C, the
equal to the sum of the effective capacitance is
reciprocal of the individual Cr = C/n
capacitance.
1/Cr = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
 Charge on Series Capacitors
Since charge cannot be added or taken away from the
conductor between series capacitors, the net charge there
remains zero. As can be seen from the diagram, that
constrains the charge on the two capacitors to be the same
in a DC situation. This charge Q is the charge you get by
calculating the equivalent capacitance of the series
combination and multiplying it by the applied voltage V.
 You store less charge on series capacitors than you would
on either one of them alone with the same voltage!
 Does it ever make sense to put capacitors in series? You get
less capacitance and less charge storage than with either
alone. It is sometimes done in electronics practice because
capacitors have maximum working voltages, and with two
"600 volt maximum" capacitors in series, you can increase
the working voltage to 1200 volts.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capac.html
 Capacitors in parallel
The three capacitor can be V
replaced by an
equivalent capacitor join +Q1 C1
to the same battery and
stored the total charges +Q2 C2
stored in the capacitors.
The charges on all left-
hand plate are positive. +Q3 C3
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 -Q3
V
a) The p.d. across each
capacitors are the same.
+Q

Cp
Capacitors in parallel
Since Q = CV b) The effective
Then, capacitance Cp is the
Cp V = C1 V + C2 V + C3 V sum of the individual
capacitance.
Dividing through by V,
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3
c) For n identical
capacitors in series
each of capacitance C
the effective
capacitance is
Cp = nC
Example 17.3 a) In series you take
the reciprocal to
Given a number of obtain the
capacitors each with a resultant
2.0 F
capacitance of 2.0 F 2.0 F
and a maximum safe
working potential difference
of 10V, how would you 20 V
construct capacitors of
a) 1.0 F capacitance, suitable b) Parallel and
for use up to 20 V, series
2.0 F 2.0 F
b) 2.0 F capacitance, suitable
for use up to 20 V.
2.0 F 2.0 F
 1) Ratio of charge on
Self test 18 either plates to the p.d.
across the plates.
1) Define capacitance 2) Q
2) Sketch the graph to
show how charge on
capacitor varies as
p.d. across it
0 V
increases.
a) From C= Q/V
a) What does the
gradient represents? then, Q = C V, thus gradient
is the capacitance
b) What does the area
b) area under graph is the
under graph energy stored in
represents? capacitor
Self test 18
3) a) CV² b) ½ CV²
3) If a capacitor of
capacitance C is
connected to a battery
and the p.d. across the
capacitor is V, what is
a) the energy supplied
and b) the energy
stored in capacitor.
Factors affecting capacitance [info]

The capacitance of a parallel

plates capacitor depends
on
C A
d
where A = cross-sectional
area of each plates
d = separation
 = permittivity of the
material
 Charging If the capacitor is initially
uncharged and we want to
charge it with a voltage
source Vs in the RC circuit:
Current flows into the capacitor
and accumulates a charge
there. As the charge
increases, the voltage rises,
and eventually the voltage of
the capacitor equals the
voltage of the source, and
 the resistor in the circuit current stops flowing. The
slows down the charging voltage across the capacitor
of the capacitor. is given by:
 initial current
Io= V/R = 5/ 100 where V0 = VS, the final voltage
= 50 mA across the capacitor
 Charging

http://hades.mech.northwestern.edu/index.php/RC_and_RL_Exponential_Responses
 Discharging Consider the following circuit:
In the circuit, the capacitor is
initially charged and has voltage
V0 = 5 V across it, and the
switch is initially open. At time
t = 0, we close the circuit and
allow the capacitor to discharge
through the resistor. The voltage
across a capacitor discharging
 the discharged current in
through a resistor as a function
of time is given as:
opposite to that in charging,
with an initially current of 50
mA.
 The p.d. across the capacitor where V0 is the initial voltage
decreases as it discharged. across the capacitor.
Discharging
Time constant, RC
 The term RC is the resistance of the resistor
multiplied by the capacitance of the capacitor, and
known as the time constant, which is a unit of time.
The function completes 63% of the transition
between the initial and final states at t = 1RC, and
completes over 99.99% of the transition at t = 5RC.
 The voltage and current of the capacitor in the
circuits above are shown in the graphs, from t=0 to
t=5RC. Note the polaritiy—the voltage is the voltage
measured at the "+" terminal of the capacitor
relative to the ground (0V). A positive current flows
into the capacitor from this terminal; a negative
current flows out of this terminal.: