Stoichiometry Part 2:

Chemical Equations
Jessica Louise O. Galutera
MASE
Learning Targets:
At the end of the presentation, you can:
• identify the parts of a chemical equation;
• represent chemical reactions through chemical
equations;
• compute for problems related to chemical
reactions; and
• Identify the limiting reactant/reagent in a
chemical reaction.
 Table of Contents
Chemical Equations
01 Definition, parts of a chemical
equation, symbols used, types of
chemical reactions
Problems Involving Chemical
Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations, Mole to
02
Mole problems, Mass to Mass problems
Concept of Limiting Reactants
03 Ways to identify the Limiting
reactant or reagent
 01
Chemical Reactions and
its Chemical Equations
 Chemical Equation
It uses symbols to represent an actual
chemical reaction.

Chemical Reaction
- is a process where a particular substance or
substances change into one or more new
substances.
A chemical equation represents the specific details of what
is happening in a chemical reaction.

For example:
Hydrogen gas reacts
with oxygen to
produce water.
What are the parts of a chemical
equation?
 What are the parts of a chemical
equation?
• Reactants – the starting materials in the
chemical reaction. (left side)
• Products – substances formed as a result
of chemical reaction. (right side)
What are the difference of the coefficient
and subscript in a chemical equation?

• Coefficient – shows how many molecules

are there in a particular substance.
• Subscript – shows how many atoms of an
element are in a molecule/compound.
Let’s
Try!
Nitrogen gas combines with Hydrogen gas to yield
ammonia.

Iron metal reacts with oxygen gas to form solid Iron

(III) oxide.
 The Different Chemical Reactions:
•
 
Synthesis:
• Decomposition:
• Single Displacement:
• Double Displacement:
• Neutralization:

• Combustion:
 Synthesis Reaction
●  
- Occurs when two substances combine and
form a compound.

Metal + Non-metal  Binary Compound

Nonmetal + Oxygen  Nonmetal oxide

Metal oxide + Water  Metal hydroxide (base)

Nonmetal oxide + water  Oxyacid

 Decomposition Reaction
●  
- Occurs when a compound breaks up into the
elements or in a few to simpler compounds.

Example:
Chemical equation:
Al2O3 → Al + O2
Balanced chemical equation:
2 Al2O3  → 4 Al + 3 O2
 Decomposition Reaction
●  
Most carbonates, when heated, decompose to
form metallic oxides and CO2.

Example:
Chemical equation:
  CaCO3  CaO + CO2
Balanced chemical equation:
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
Single Displacement Reactions
●  
- Occur when one element replaces another in a
compound.
• (If A is a metal)

A metal can replace a metal OR a nonmetal can

replace a nonmetal.
Single Displacement Reactions
● The most common type of this reaction is one in
which a metal replaces another metal ion from a
solution. In order to do so, the free metal must be
more active than the metal that is in solution.
● The metal can be arranged in a series called the
electromotive series or activity series.
Single Displacement Reactions
● In a nonmetal single displacement reaction, a
pure nonmetal displaces the anion of
another nonmetal in an ionic compound. The
more active a metal or nonmetal, the more it
wants to form an ion, the less active, the more it
tends to exist in its elemental form.
 Single Displacement Reactions
Fe2+ + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu2+
● Since iron (Fe) is higher on the
activity series, it will displace cupper
(Cu) from solution.
● For metals that can exist in more than
one oxidation state, the lower one is
often formed, but it depends on the
conditions.
● Hence, the new salt formed in this
reaction is iron(II) sulfate.
 Single Displacement Reactions
 

• 2K + ZnCl2  2KCl + Zn
• Cl2 (g) + 2NaBr (aq)  2NaCl (aq) +
Br2
• Cu+2 + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3) 2 + 2Ag
• Br2 + 2KI  2KBr + I2
 Double Displacement Reactions
●  
- Occur when a metal replaces a metal in a compound
and a nonmetal replaces a nonmetal in a compound.

• Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and last ions go

together + inside ions go together

Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(s)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
 Double Displacement Reactions
●  
- Occur when a metal replaces a metal in a compound
and a nonmetal replaces a nonmetal in a compound.

• Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and last ions go

together + inside ions go together

Example:
K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)  KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)
 Double Displacement Reactions
 
𝑨𝑩+𝑪𝑫 → 𝑨𝑫 +𝑪𝑩

• Na2S + HCl  NaCl + H2S

• AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (s)  AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
 Neutralization Reaction
- Is a double displacement●reaction
 
between acids and
bases.

To illustrate a neutralization reaction, consider what happens

when a typical antacid such as milk of magnesia (an aqueous
suspension of solid Mg(OH)2) is ingested to ease symptoms
associated with excess stomach acid (HCl):
 Combustion Reactions
●  
- Occur when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen
gas. This is also called burning.

Example:
In order to burn something, you need the 3
things in the “fire triangle”:
1) hydrocarbon
2) Oxygen to burn it with
3) Something to ignite the reaction
 Combustion Reactions
●  
- Occur when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen
gas. This is also called burning.

Example: Methane -Alkane (CH4)

Chemical equation:
  CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Balanced chemical equation:
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
 Combustion Reactions
●  
- Occur when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen
gas. This is also called burning.

Example: Propane -Alkane (C3H8)

Chemical equation:
 C3H8 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Balanced chemical equation:
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O
 02
Problems involving
Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
• Sometimes, a written chemical equation DOES NOT have equal
number of atoms in the reactants and products.
For every chemical reaction, the Law of Conservation of
Mass must be followed.
Law of Conservation of Mass states that
atoms cannot be created nor destroy.
Therefore, the number of atoms in the
reactants must be equal to the number of
atoms in the products
Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
1. Look at a written equation carefully and
identify the reactants and products. Take
note of the correct formula o both sides,
especially when binary and polyatomic
compounds are involved.
Example:
Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
2. Count the number of atoms in the reactant
side and in the product side.
Example:

Reactants Product
N–2 N–1
H–2 H–3

The number of atoms of Nitrogen and Hydrogen is not equal in both sides.
Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
3. Start balancing the equation using he trial-
and-error method by placing coefficients
on both sides of the equation.
Note that you can change the
coefficients (the number in front
of the atom) but not the subscripts
(the number within the formula) as
doing so will change the identity
of the substances.
 Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
3. Start balancing the equation using he trial-
and-error method by placing coefficients
on both sides of the equation.

Example:

Reactants Product We balance the equation

 

N–2 N – 1 x2 by placing 2 in front of

H – 2 x3 H – 3 x2 and 3 before .
Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
4. Check your balanced equation, keeping in
mind that you must have the same total
number of each atom on both sides of the
equation.
Balanced Equation:

Reactants Product
N–2 N–2
H–6 H–6
Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
Example#2: Iron metal reacts with oxygen gas to
form solid Iron (III) oxide.

Step 1:

Step 2: Reactants Product

Fe – 1 Fe – 2
O–2 O–3
Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation:

Reactants Product
Step 3: Fe – 1 x4 Fe – 2 x2
O – 2 x3 O – 3 x2
Step 4:
Reactants Product
Fe – 4 Fe – 4
O–6 O–6
Let’s
Try!
 Mole to Mole Conversion
A balanced chemical equation expresses the
relative number of moles of each component
(product or reactant), but because each formula
in the equation implies a definite mass of the
substance (its molar mass), the equation also
implies that certain weight relations exist
between the components.
 Mole to Mole Conversion
● Now we interpret the coefficients as referring to molar
amounts, not individual molecules. 
●  Balanced chemical equations are balanced not only at
the molecular level, but also in terms of molar
amounts of reactants and products.

Two moles of hydrogen react with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles
of water.
 Mole to Mole Conversion
● We can use these ratios to determine what amount of a
substance, in moles, will react with or produce a given
number of moles of a different substance.

Example: How many moles of oxygen react with hydrogen

to produce 27.6 mol of H2O?
 Mole to Mole Conversion
1. Identify the given and what the problem is asking
you to find.

Given: 27.6 mol of H2O

Find: mol of O2
2. List other known quantities. 1 mol O2 = 2 mol H2O
3. Use a proper conversion factor
for the known quantities.
 Mole to Mole Conversion
4. Cancel the units and perform necessary mathematical
operations.

To produce 27.6 mol of H2O, 13.8 mol of O2 is required.

 Mole to Mole Conversion
Example: How many moles of ammonia are produced if 4.20
moles of hydrogen are reacted with an excess of nitrogen?

Given: 4.20 mol of H2 3 mol H2 = 2 mol NH3

Step 1: Step 2:
Find: mol of NH3
 Mole to Mole Conversion
Example: How many moles of ammonia are produced if 4.20
moles of hydrogen are reacted with an excess of nitrogen?

Step 3: Step 4:
The reaction of 4.20 mol of hydrogen with excess nitrogen
produces 2.80 mol of ammonia.
 Mass to Mass Conversion
1. Identify the given and what the problem is asking you to
find.
How many grams of hydrogen gas are needed to react completely with 54.0 g of
oxygen gas, given the following unbalanced chemical reaction:

Given: 54.0g of O2
Find: mass of H2
2. Convert the given mass in the
problem to number of moles.
 Mass to Mass Conversion

3. List other known quantities. 2 mol H2 = 1 mol O2

4. Use a proper conversion factor
for the known quantities.

5. Cancel the units and perform

necessary mathematical
operations.
 Mass to Mass Conversion

5. Convert the number of moles into mass

(grams).

6.80 grams of hydrogen is needed to react with 54.0 g of oxygen

 Mass to Mass Conversion
Example: How many grams of hydrogen gas are needed to
produce 85.2 grams of ammonia?

Given: 85.2 g of NH3

Step 1: Step 2:
Find: mass of H2
 Mass to Mass Conversion
Example: How many grams of hydrogen gas are needed to
produce 85.2 grams of ammonia?

Step 3: Step 4:

3 mol H2 = 2 mol NH3

 Mass to Mass Conversion
Example: How many grams of hydrogen gas are needed to
produce 85.2 grams of ammonia?

Step 5:

To produce 85.2 g of ammonia, 15.8 g of hydrogen gas are needed.

 03
The Concept of Limiting
Reactant/Reagent
 What is a Limiting
Reactant/Reagent?
- is the substance that is completely
consumed in the completion of a
chemical reaction.
It can be observed that the limiting reactant is the reason the reaction cannot
continue since there is nothing left to react with the excess reactant. It is the
reactant that entirely consumed over the course of the reaction.
 Limiting Reactant
●  According to the stoichiometry of chemical reactions,
a fixed amount of reactants is required for the
completion of the reaction. Let us consider the
following reaction of formation of ammonia:

In the reaction given above, 3 moles of Hydrogen gas are required to react with 1 mole of 
nitrogen gas to form 2 moles of ammonia. But what if, during the reaction, only 2 moles of
hydrogen gas are available along with 1 mole of nitrogen?
 Limiting Ractant

In that case, the entire quantity of nitrogen cannot be used (because the entirety
of nitrogen requires 3 moles of hydrogen gas to react).
Hence, the hydrogen gas is limiting the reaction and is therefore
called the limiting reagent for this reaction.
 Limiting Reactant
• The limiting reactant depends on the
mole ratio, not on the masses of the
reactants present.
• This reactant generally determines when
the reaction will stop.
How to identify the Limiting Reagent?
● The limiting reactant or reagent can
be determined by two methods.

1. Using the mole ratio

2. Using the product approach
How to identify the Limiting Reagent?
The following points should be considered
while attempting to identify the limiting
reagent:
• When there are only two reactants, write the 
balanced chemical equation and check the amount of
reactant B required to react with reactant A. When the
amount of reactant B is greater, the reactant A is the
limiting reagent.
• The reactant which is in a lesser amount than is required
by stoichiometry is the limiting reactant.
How to identify the Limiting Reagent?
In an alternate method of finding the limiting
agent, the amount of product formed by each
reactant is calculated.
• The limiting reactant is the reactant from which the
minimum amount of product is formed.
• Also, if we calculate the amount of one reactant
needed to react with another reactant, then the
reactant which is in shortage would be the
required limiting reactant.
How to identify the Limiting Reagent?
● Example: Consider 1 mol of oxygen and 1 mol of
hydrogen are present to undergo the following reaction.

Since the reaction uses up hydrogen twice as fast as oxygen,

the limiting reactant would be hydrogen.
 Method 1: Mole Ratio
● We determine the limiting reactant by comparing
the mole ratio between H2 and O2 in the balanced
equation to the mole ratio actually present.

Since the mole ratio is

Mole Ratio of Balanced Equation: greater than the actual
mole ratio, it means
that we have an
excess in O2.
Actual Mole Ratio: Therefore, H2 is
limiting.
 Method 2:
● We'll use mole ratios from the balanced equation to
calculate the amount of H2O that would be formed by
complete consumption of H2 and O2. The reactant that
produces the smallest amount of H2O must be the
limiting reactant.

1 mol H2O
2 mol H2O
Since the  H2 produces a smaller amount of ​  H2O than O2 does, then  H2 ​ must be the limiting reactant.
 How to identify the Limiting Reagent?
● Example:

Step 1: Convert the mass into moles 0.104 mol Al

0.059 mol Cl2

 Method 1: Mole Ratio
● We determine the limiting reactant by comparing
the mole ratio between Al and Cl2 in the balanced
equation to the mole ratio actually present.

Mole Ratio of Balanced Equation: 0.666

Actual Mole Ratio: 1.762

 Method 1:
Mole Ratio of Balanced Equation: 0.666

Actual Mole Ratio: 1.762

 Method 2:
● We'll use mole ratios from the balanced equation to
calculate the amount of AlCl3 that would be formed by
complete consumption of Al and Cl2. The reactant that
produces the smallest amount of AlCl3 must be the
limiting reactant.

0.104 mol Al 0.104 mol AlCl3

0.059 mol Cl2 0.0393 mol AlCl3
Since the  Cl2 produces a smaller amount of ​  AlCl3 than Al does, then  Cl2 ​ must be the limiting reactant.
Activity will be sent in our GC!