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    Reproductive System (Midterm)

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    Jaden Gil
    The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs and their functions, including the testes, ovaries, duct systems, and external genitalia. It explains processes like spermatogenesis, the menstrual cycle, hormone regulation, and fertilization. The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones, while the female system produces eggs and sex hormones and can support pregnancy if fertilization occurs. Together these systems enable sexual reproduction and the development of offspring.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Reproductive System (Midterm)

    Uploaded by

    Jaden Gil
    28 views57 pages
    The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs and their functions, including the testes, ovaries, duct systems, and external genitalia. It explains processes like spermatogenesis, the menstrual cycle, hormone regulation, and fertilization. The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones, while the female system produces eggs and sex hormones and can support pregnancy if fertilization occurs. Together these systems enable sexual reproduction and the development of offspring.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs and their functions, including the testes, ovaries, duct systems, and external genitalia. It explains processes like spermatogenesis, the menstrual cycle, hormone regulation, and fertilization. The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones, while the female system produces eggs and sex hormones and can support pregnancy if fertilization occurs. Together these systems enable sexual reproduction and the development of offspring.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views57 pages

    Reproductive System (Midterm)

    Uploaded by

    Jaden Gil
    The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs and their functions, including the testes, ovaries, duct systems, and external genitalia. It explains processes like spermatogenesis, the menstrual cycle, hormone regulation, and fertilization. The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones, while the female system produces eggs and sex hormones and can support pregnancy if fertilization occurs. Together these systems enable sexual reproduction and the development of offspring.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 57

    Reproductive System

    Prepared By: Mychelle Rae R. Marasigan


    Functions
    a) Production of gametes
    b) Fertilization
    Reproductive
    c) Development &
    System
    nourishment of a new
    individual
    d) Production of sex
    hormones
    Sexual
    Reproduction
    The process by which
    organisms produce
    offspring by making
    germ cells (gametes)
    Gynecology
    A specialized branch
    of medicine concerned
    with the diagnosis and
    treatment of diseases
    of the female
    reproductive system.
    The Male
    Reproductive System
    Anatomy
    Testes
    Primary Reproductive
    Organ
    Golf ball-sized structure
    Function:
    Production of:
     Sperm (exorcrine)
     Testosterone (endocrine)
    Attachment: Spermatic
    Cord
    Covering: Tunica
    Albuginea
    Testes
    SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
    The actual sperm-
    forming factories

    INTERSTITIAL CELLS
    Produces androgens
    (testosterone)
    Duct System
    EPIDIDYMIS
    Cup-shaped highly
    convoluted tubule
    Location: Posterior
    testes
    Function: Temporary
    storage of sperm
    (immature)
    Duct System
    DUCTUS DEFERENS
    aka Vas Deferens
    Runs superiorly from
    epididymis via
    spermatic cord
    Function: propulsion
    of mature sperm from
    the epididymis into
    the urethra
    Duct System
    VASECTOMY
    surgical resection of
    the vas deferens
    Duct System
    URETHRA
    Last part of the duct
    system
    3 regions:
    Prostatic Urethra
    Membranous Urethra
    Spongy (Penile) Urethra
     (+) 3 Elongated Areas
    of Erectile Tissues
    Function: Carries both
    urine & sperm
    Seminal Vesicles
    Large, hollow glands
    Location:
     Base of the urinary
    bladder
    Function:
     produces 60% of the
    seminal fluid
    Secretion components:
    a) Sugar (fructose)
    b) Vit. C
    c) Prostaglandins
    Seminal Vesicles
    EJACULATORY DUCT
    Seminal Vesicle + Vas
    deferens
    Prostate Gland
    Donut-shaped gland
    Location: Anterior to
    the rectum
    Function: production of
    prostate fluid
    Bulbourethral
    Glands
    Tiny, pea-sized glands
    Location:
    • inferior to the
    prostate gland
    Function:
    • produces thick, clear
    mucus
    External
    Genitalia
    SCROTUM
    Divided sac of skin with
    sparse hairs
    Acts as a “climate
    control system” for the
    testes
    Temperature: 3°C lower
    than normal
    External
    Genitalia
    PENIS
    • Function:
    transports sperm to
    the female reproductive
    tract
    • Parts:
    a. Shaft
    b. Glans Penis
    c. Prepuce/Foreskin
     Circumcision
    The Male
    Reproductive System
    Physiology
    Spermatogenesis
    Sperm production
    Starts during puberty
    & continues all
    throughout life
    Occurs in the
    seminiferous tubules
    Spermatogenesis

    MEIOSIS
    cell division
    between gametes
    Spermatogenesis

    GAMETES:SPERMATIDS
    23 chromosomes
    not functional
    non-motile
    Spermatogenesis
    SPERMIOGENESIS
    Last stage of sperm
    development
    Sperm components:
    a. Head (contains DNA)
    b. Midpiece
    c. Tail
    The process of sperm
    production & maturation takes
    64-72 days
    Testosterone
    Production
    INTERSTITIAL CELLS:
    TESTOSTERONE
    Puberty:
     Luteinizing Hormone
    (LH)
    from Anterior
    Pituitary Gland
    Testosterone
    Production
    INTERSTITIAL CELLS:
    TESTOSTERONE
    ↑ Testosterone:
    a) Growth spurt
    b) maturation of
    reproductive organs
    c) underlies sex drive
    d) prompts the appearance
    of secondary sex
    characteristics
    Testosterone
    Production
    SECONDARY SEX
    CHARACTERISTICS:
    a) Deepening of the voice
    b) ↑ Hair growth
    (axillary, pubic region
    & face)
    c) Skeletal muscle
    enlargement
    Male
    Sexual I. Penile
    Erection
    Act II.Ejaculation

    Stages III.Resolution
    Male Sexual Act
    Stages
    PENILE ERECTION
    Sexual stimulation
    Causes:
    a) Psychogenic Stimuli
    b) Somatogenic Stimuli
    Occurs when the
    corpora cavernosa
    muscle relaxes
    Male Sexual Act
    Stages
    EJACULATION
    Causes:
    a) Heightened sexual
    experience (orgasm)
    b) Contraction of
    genital organs result
    in semen expulsion
    Male Sexual Act
    Stages
    RESOLUTION
    Final stage
    Due to contraction of
    corpora cavernosa
    Semen
    Milky white, sticky
    mixture of sperm &
    accessory gland
    secretions.
    Amount propelled out:
    2-5 mL (containing 50-
    150 million sperm per
    mL)
    Semen
    Contains:
    a. Liquid portion:
    transport medium
    b. Sperms
    c. Antibiotic chemicals
    d. Relaxin (hormone)
    e. Other substances that
    inhibit immune response
    in female reproductive
    tract
    The Female
    Reproductive System
    Anatomy
    Ovaries
    Primary reproductive
    organs
    Almond-shaped
    Location: Lateral to the
    Uterus
    Function:
     Egg cell production
    (exocrine)
     Estrogen & Progesterone
    secretion (endocrine)
    Ovaries (Internal)
    OVARIAN FOLLICLES
    Tiny sac-like structures
    Contains:
    Oocyte
     Follicle cells: covers the oocyte
     Maturation: (+) Antrum

    CORPUS LUTEUM
    Ruptured follicle after
    ovulation
    OVULATION (EVERY 28 DAYS)
    Oocyte ejection from the ovary
    Duct System
    UTERINE TUBES
    aka Fallopian Tubes
    Location: medial to each ovary
    Distal end: Infundibulum
     (+) Fimbriae
    Function:
    a) Receives fertilized oocyte
    b) Site of fertilization
    • 3-4 days before oocyte enters
    uterus
    • viable time for oocyte: 24hrs
    Duct System
    UTERUS
    Pear-shaped
    Location: between urinary
    bladder & rectum
    Function:
    a) Receive, retain & nourish the
    fertilized egg
    Parts:
    a) Body
    b) Fundus
    c) Cervix
    Uterine Walls
    ENDOMETRIUM
    Innermost layer
    Layer where fertillization
    occurs wherein the embryo
    implants itself & resides there.
    Sloughs off every 28 days
    through the process of
    Menstruation
    Uterine Walls
    MYOMETRIUM
    Bulky, middle layer
    Function: contracts
    rhythmically during childbirth

    PERIMETRIUM
    Outermost layer
    Aka visceral peritoneum
    Duct System
    VAGINA
    Aka birth canal
    The female organ for copulation
    Location: between bladder &
    rectum
    Function:
    a) Passageway for menstrual flow
    b) Passageway for infant
    delivery
    c) Receives penis & semen during
    sexual intercourse
    Duct System
    VAGINA
    Hymen:
     Thin fold mucosa at the distal
    vagina
     Vascular & tends to bleed but
    it's durability varies
    External Genitalia
    & Female Perineum
    EXTERNAL GENITALIA
    aka Vulva
    Components:
    a. Mons pubis
    b. Labia
    c. Clitoris
    d. Urethral & Vaginal orifices
    e. Greater vestibular glands
    External Genitalia
    MONS PUBIS
    Fatty, rounded area
    overlying pubic symphysis
    After puberty:
    (+) Pubic hair
    External Genitalia
    LABIA
    a) Majora
    posterior to mons pubis
    two elongated hair-covered
    skin folds
    (+) Vestibule
    (+) external urethral
    openings
    b) Minora
    two delicate, hair-free
    folds
    External Genitalia
    CLITORIS
    Small protrusion
    Homologous to male penis
    Location: anterior to
    vestibule
    External Genitalia
    GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS
    Location: lateral to each side
    of the vagina
    Secretion:
     lubricates the distal end of
    the vagina during intercourse
    External Genitalia
    & Female Perineum
    PERINEUM
    Components:
    a. Diamond shaped regions
    between anterior labial fold
    ends
    b. Anus
    c. 2 ischial tuberosities
    The Female
    Reproductive System
    Physiology
    Hormone Production
    FOLLICLE STIMULATING
    HORMONE (FSH)
    Stimulates:
    a) Estrogen
    Feminine effects
    Facilitates Ca+
    b) Progesterone
    Maintains Pregnancy
    Prepares breasts for milk
    production
    Oogenesis
    The process of new egg cell
    production.

    OOGONIA: FEMALE STEM CELLS


    (FETUS)
    1° Oocytes
    pushes into ovarian connective
    tissue forming primary follicles
    Stays non-functional for 10-14
    years
    Ovarian Cycle
    The monthly cyclic changes
    occurring in the ovary.

    FSH
    Activated at puberty
    Stimulates a small amount of 1°
    Oocytes to grow and mature
    Ovarian Cycle
    • Products of the first Meiotic
    Division:
    a) 2° Oocyte
    larger cell
    b) Polar body
    very tiny cell

    VESICULAR FOLLICLE STAGE


    The follicle now contains
    the 2° Oocyte
    Mittelschmer
    Lower abdominal pain during
    ovulation.
    Cause: Stretching of the
    ovarian walls
    Uterine Cycle
    A series of cyclic changes that the
    endometrium goes through monthly (every 28
    days).
    Day 1-5: Menstrual Phase
    The sloughing off of
    the functional layer
    of the thick
    endometrial lining.
    Average blood loss:
    50-150ml
    Day 5: production of
    more estrogen by
    ovarian follicles
    Day 6-14: Proliferative
    Phase
    Endometrium becomes
    velvety, thick &
    well vascularized.
    Hormone involved:
    LH
     Triggers ovulation
    Day 15-28: Secretory
    Phase
    Increased blood supply &
    nutrients in the
    endometrium that prepares
    itself for sustaining the
    developing embryo (if
    present)
    (-) EMBRYO
     endometrium degenerates &
    it’s cells dies causing
    the start of a new cycle
    Any
    Questions?

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