The Nature of Probability and Statistics: Lecturer: FATEN AL-HUSSAIN

Chapter(1)
The Nature of Probability and

Statistics
Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN

Lecture (1)
Introduction
 Statistics: is the science of conducting

studies to
collect,
organize,
summarize,
analyze, and
.draw conclusions from data
.Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1-1
A Variable: is characteristic or attribute that can assume
different values.
Data: are the values (measurements or observations)that
the variables can assume.
Random Variable: variables whose determined by chance.
 Data set : Collection of data values .
Datum Or a data value Each value in the data set

For example: A data set in table
Variables
agegenderid Nationality
Data 20male1 Saudi
Set Data
25male2 Yemeni
30female3 Egypt
23male4 Jordanian
30female5 Data
Lebanese
value
Sample Population
A population consists of all subjects (human or otherwise)
that are studied.
A sample is a subset of the population( is a group selected

from a population).
For example :
In order to study the response times for emergency
988 calls in Jeddah 50 calls are selected randomly
over a six month period and the response times are
recorded .
Population : all calls 988.

Sample : 50 calls .
Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Inferential
statistic statistic
consists of consists of generalizing from
the collection, samples to populations, performing
organization, estimations and hypothesis tests,
summarization, determining relationships among
and presentation of data. variables, and making predictions.
For example : For example:
-the average age of the student is the relationship between smoking
14 years. and lung cancer.
-the median household income for
people aged 25-34 is 35.888$.  probability .
:Example 1-1
A researcher asked 80 students at KAU about their weight.
As a result of this information, the average weight of
students at KAU was 59kg. Which branch of statistics was
used in this survey?
a) Observational
b) Experimental
c) Inferential
d) Descriptive
Answer : d
:Example 1-1
"There is a relationship between IQ tests and the final score
student" Which branch of statistics is
a) Observational
b) Experimental
c) Inferential
d) Descriptive
Answer : c
Variables and Types of Data
Measurement Scales,

Lecture (2)
Variables and Types of Data
Variables
Qualitative
Categorical Quantitative
Non numerical Numerical
Discrete
Continuous
Countable
Can be decimals
.etc ,8000 ,29 ,5
.etc ,312.1 ,2.59
Types of Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
Variables: variables
are variables that have distinct are variables that can be

categories , according to counted or measured.
some characteristic or attribute. For example: Age ,Height ,
Weight ,temperature …..etc
For example: Gender ,Marital
status ,Color……etc
Quantitative variables
classified into two groups
Discrete Continuous
Variables Variables
assume values that can be assume an infinite
counted . number of values between
any two specific values.
For example:
 Number of children in a family , For example:
Number of student in classroom, Temperature ,
 Number of DVDs rented Height
each day ……etc Weight
 Time …..etc
Measurement Scales
Qualitative Quantitative
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Measurement Scale of Qualitative
Nominal Ordinal
level :level
classifies data into mutually classifies data into
exclusive , exhausting categories can be ranked .
categories in which no order
or ranking can be imposed on For example:
the data. Grade of course (A,B,C) ,
For example: Size( S,M,L)
Rating scale (Poor ,Good
Eye color ,Gender ,
,Excellent )
Political party , blood types …etc
Ranking of tennis players …etc
Measurement Scale of Quantitative
Interval Ratio
level level
ranks data and precise possesses all the

differences between units of characteristics of interval
measure do exist ,however and there exist a true zero.
there is no meaningful zero.
0 +
For example: For example:
Temperature , - 0 + Height , Weight, Time,
IQ test…etc Salary , Age …etc
:Example 1-2
1- Blood Type ,an example of which type of data?
a) Qualitative c) Ordinal
b) Continuous d)Nominal
2- Area of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is an example of

which type of data?
c) Discrete c) Qualitative
d) Nominal d)Continuous
Answer 1 : a
Answer 2 : d
:Example 1-2
3- Number of stores represents a
a) Quantitative variable c) Discrete variable
b) Continuous variable d) Interval variable
4- Classify " Temperature in Jeddah":

a) Interval c) Qualitative
b) Continuous d) Discrete
5- If you classified the fruit in a basket as apple, orange and banana , this
would be an example of which level of measurement?
a) Ordinal c) Ratio
b) Nominal d) Interval
Answer 3 : c
Answer 5 : b
Answer 4 : a
:Example 1-2
6- Which of the following represents ordinal level of measurement?
a)Rating scale c) IQ score
d) Age b) Marital status
7- Which one of the following variables is Qualitative?

a) Amount of fat in a piece of cheese
b) Salary of college professors
c) Favorite TV program
d) Age of a person
Answer 6 : a
Answer 7 : c
Data Collecting
and
Sampling Techniques

Lecture (3)
Data collection
Observational
Survey and
Experimental
Mailed
Telephone Personal
questionnaire
surveys interview
surveys
To obtain samples that are unbiased ,statisticians use four
:methods of sampling
Some Sampling Techniques
Random Stratified
sampling sampling
Systematic Cluster
sampling sampling
Random sampling -1
A random sample is a sample in which all
members of the population have an equal
.chance of being selected
 Random samples are selected by using

chance methods or random numbers
For example:
Summer Term
:Q: Select random sample of 15 subjects out of 85 subjects
A: 12, 27, 75, 62, 57, 13, 31, 06, 16, 49, 46, 71, 53, 41, 02
2- Systematic sampling
is a sample obtained by selecting every kth
member of the population where K is
counting number.
 Systematic samples are obtained by
numbering each value in the population and
then selecting the kth value.
For example:
•Decide on Sample Size: n
• Divide Frame of N individuals into Groups of k

Individuals: k=N/n
• Randomly Select One Individual from the 1st Group
• Select Every kth Individual Thereafter
N = 64
n=8
k =64/8= 8
3- Stratified sampling
is a sample obtained by dividing the population
into subgroups or strata according to some
characteristic relevant to the study.
Then subjects are selected from each
subgroup.
For example:
A researcher select a random sample from each gender
to check their blood pressure
e
ma l
Strata Select
Fem
ale
4- Cluster sampling
is obtained by dividing the population into
sections or clusters and then selecting one or
more clusters and using all members in the
cluster(s) as the members of the sample.
For example:
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Strata
EAST NORTH WEST SOUTH
Select
EAST
Summary of sampling techniques
1) Random : random number generator.
2) Systematic :every kth subject.
3) Stratified :divide population into group called “strata”.
4) Cluster :use intact groups.
:Example 1-3
1- A researcher wanted to do a study about doctor’s income in
Jeddah. He divided hospitals into two sectors (private and
public) then he took a sample from each sector.
A) Systematic C) Custer
B) Stratified D) Random
2- A researcher wanted to know doctors opinion about herbal

therapy in Jeddah. For this study he choose randomly 3
hospitals out of 20 hospitals in Jeddah, and all doctors in
the 3 hospital were asked.
Answer 1 : B
Answer 2 : C
:Example 1-3
3- Every 7th student entering the gate is checked for
possession of university card .What type of sampling is
used?
Nursing supervisors are selected using random -4

.numbers to determine annual salaries
Answer 3 : A
Answer 4 : D
Types of Studies
Uses and Misuses of statistics,

Lecture (4)
Types of Studies
Observational Experimental
Study Study
The researcher merely observes
The researcher manipulates one
what is happening or what has
of the variables and tries to
happened in the past and tries to
determine how the manipulation
draw conclusions based on these
.influences other variables
.observations For examples:
:For example  Patients were randomly assigned to
 In a study the researcher records
two groups was given drug A and the
the mistakes which has been made other group was given drug B to
by the students in the exam. determine if the drug has an effect on
patient’s blood pressure.
A researcher counts the number of  An Instructor has Three Teaching
people living in each house in method ,he want to apply a best
method by seeing students grades.
specific a street .
 In a true experimental study, the subjects should be
assigned to groups randomly. If this is not possible
and a researcher uses intact groups, then he is
performing a quasi-experimental study.
Any Experiment has 2 Variables
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

or or
Explanatory Variable Outcome Variable
The independent variable in an is the resultant variable

experimental study is the one
that is being manipulated by
.the researcher
For example
Independent temperature of exercise

water
Dependent time to cook an health
egg
Note :Statistical studies usually include one or more

.independent variables and one dependent variable
:For example
exercise , diet ( independent )
Influence
Health (dependent)
A confounding variable: is the variable that influences the
dependent or outcome variable but was not separated from the
independent variable.( variable that influence
with other variable)
in g
For example: n d
f o u le
o n
c ar i a b
v
cigarette age
Influence
cigarette health
health
Example :subjects on exercise program may improve
their diet and perhaps that improve their health in other ways
not due to exercise alone. Then diet becomes confounding
.variable
exercise
diet
Influence
health exercise health

Types of group
Treatment Group
Control Group
The group that received the The group that dose not received
. special instruction .the special instruction
:Example 1-4
Patients were randomly assigned to groups: one group was given
drug A and the other group was given drug B to determine if the drug
has an effect on patient’s blood pressure. But some of the patients
were smoking.
Type of study the dependent variable the independent
a)Experimental study a) smoking a) smoking

b)Quasi –experiment study b) type of drug b) type of drug
c)Confounding c) blood pressure c)blood pressure
d)Observational study d) patients d)patients
Answer : A Answer : C Answer : B

:Example 1-4
1-In the relationship between the number of studying hours and exam
grade ,the number of studying hours is assumed to be
a)Independent variable
b)Nominal variable
c)Confounding
d)Dependent variable
2- A researcher stood at a busy intersection to see if the color of the
automobile that a person drives is related to running red lights.
a) Inferential
b) Observational
c) Descriptive
d) Experimental
Answer 1 : A
Answer 2 : B
Uses and Misuses of statistics
Suspect Implied
sample connection
Ambiguous Misleading Faulty Survey

Averages Graphs Question
changing Detached
Subject Statistic
Uses and Misuses of statistics
1- Suspect sample:
small samples ,convenience sample, volunteer sample
For example: if 4 doctors were surveyed from 100

doctors.
2- Ambiguous Averages: measures that are
loosely called averages are the mean, median,
mode and midrange. People who know this can
without lying , select one of them to support their
position.
3- changing Subject : can occur when different
values are used to represent the same data.
For example: if one political candidate say “ I will

increase salaries a mere 3%”
And another one say “I will increase salaries a
whopping 6,000,000 $”
And 3% =6,000,000
4- Detached Statistic: it is the one in which no comparison is
made.(Compared to what?)
For example, one may say that “Our cookies has one-third
fewer calories” Here, fewer than what?
5- Implied connection : Usage of words such as may, suggest

or some that imply connections but there is no guarantee
For example:
Eating fish may help to reduce your cholesterol.
6-Misleading Graphs: if graphs are drawn
inappropriately, they can misrepresent the data and lead
to false conclusions.
7- Faulty Survey Question : should be sure that the

questions are properly written since the way questions are
phrased can influence the way people answer them .
:Example 1-5
An advertisement for an exercise product; “using this product will -1
”burn 74% more calories
a) detached statistics
b) changing the subject
c) implied connections
d) suspect samples
An advertisement for an exercise product; Studies suggest that -2
.using our exercise machine reduce your weight
a) detached statistics
b) changing the subject
c) implied connections
d) suspect samples
Answer 1 : A
Answer 2 : C
Chapter Definitions
Statistics -1 :Qualitative Variables-11
A variables -2 Quantitative variables-12
.Random Variables-3 Discrete Variables -13
.Data-4 Continuous Variables-14
A data set-5 Nominal level-15
.A data value or a datum-6 Ordinal level -16
A population-7 Interval level-17
A sample-8 Ratio level-18
Descriptive-9 Observational Study-19
Inferential -10 Experimental Study -20
Independent Variable-21 A confounding variable -24

Dependent Variable -22 Treatment Group-25
A quasi-experimental study -23 Control Group -26

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Chapter(1)

The Nature of Probability and

Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN

 Statistics: is the science of conducting

Data: are the values (measurements or observations)that

the variables can assume.

Random Variable: variables whose determined by chance.

 Data set : Collection of data values .

Datum Or a data value Each value in the data set

A sample is a subset of the population( is a group selected

Population : all calls 988.

Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN

are variables that have distinct are variables that can be

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

ranks data and precise possesses all the

2- Area of ​the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is an example of

4- Classify " Temperature in Jeddah":

7- Which one of the following variables is Qualitative?

Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN

Some Sampling Techniques

 Random samples are selected by using

:Q: Select random sample of 15 subjects out of 85 subjects

• Divide Frame of N individuals into Groups of k

• Randomly Select One Individual from the 1st Group

• Select Every kth Individual Thereafter

EAST NORTH WEST SOUTH

1) Random : random number generator.

2) Systematic :every kth subject.

3) Stratified :divide population into group called “strata”.

4) Cluster :use intact groups.

2- A researcher wanted to know doctors opinion about herbal

Nursing supervisors are selected using random -4

Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

The independent variable in an is the resultant variable

Independent temperature of exercise

Note :Statistical studies usually include one or more

health exercise health

Type of study the dependent variable the independent

a)Experimental study a) smoking a) smoking

Answer : A Answer : C Answer : B

Ambiguous Misleading Faulty Survey

For example: if 4 doctors were surveyed from 100

For example: if one political candidate say “ I will

5- Implied connection : Usage of words such as may, suggest

7- Faulty Survey Question : should be sure that the

Independent Variable-21 A confounding variable -24

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2- Area of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is an example of