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    Computational: Erwin L. Medina

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    Karl Villegas
    This document discusses measures of variation such as range, standard deviation, and variance. It defines each measure and provides formulas and examples of calculating them from data sets. Standard deviation measures the average variation from the mean, while variance is the square of the standard deviation. The coefficient of variation can be used to compare the relative variability between data groups. Chebyshev's theorem states that at least a certain proportion of data will lie within a given number of standard deviations from the mean.

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    Computational: Erwin L. Medina

    Uploaded by

    Karl Villegas
    24 views29 pages
    This document discusses measures of variation such as range, standard deviation, and variance. It defines each measure and provides formulas and examples of calculating them from data sets. Standard deviation measures the average variation from the mean, while variance is the square of the standard deviation. The coefficient of variation can be used to compare the relative variability between data groups. Chebyshev's theorem states that at least a certain proportion of data will lie within a given number of standard deviations from the mean.

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    This document discusses measures of variation such as range, standard deviation, and variance. It defines each measure and provides formulas and examples of calculating them from data sets. Standard deviation measures the average variation from the mean, while variance is the square of the standard deviation. The coefficient of variation can be used to compare the relative variability between data groups. Chebyshev's theorem states that at least a certain proportion of data will lie within a given number of standard deviations from the mean.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views29 pages

    Computational: Erwin L. Medina

    Uploaded by

    Karl Villegas
    This document discusses measures of variation such as range, standard deviation, and variance. It defines each measure and provides formulas and examples of calculating them from data sets. Standard deviation measures the average variation from the mean, while variance is the square of the standard deviation. The coefficient of variation can be used to compare the relative variability between data groups. Chebyshev's theorem states that at least a certain proportion of data will lie within a given number of standard deviations from the mean.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    COMPUTATIONAL

    ERW I N L. MEDI NA
    Measures of Variation

    Range

    Standard Deviation

    Variance

    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE


    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    The Range

    THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LARGEST


    AND SMALLEST VALUES OF A DISTRIBUTION
    Find the range:
    10, 13, 17, 17, 18

    The range = largest minus smallest

    = 18 minus 10 = 8

    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE


    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    The standard deviation

    A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE VARIATION OF


    THE DATA ENTRIES FROM THE MEAN
    Standard deviation of a sample

     (x  x)
    2

    s
    n 1 mean of the
    sample

    n = sample size

    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE


    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    To calculate standard deviation of a
    sample

    Calculate the mean of the sample.


    Find the difference between each entry (x) and the mean. These differences
    will add up to zero.
    Square the deviations from the mean.
    Sum the squares of the deviations from the mean.
    Divide the sum by (n  1) to get the variance.
    Take the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation.

    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE


    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    The Variance

    THE SQUARE OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION


    Variance of a Sample

     (x  x)
    2

    s  2

    n 1
    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE
    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    Find the standard deviation and
    variance

    x x x (x  x ) 2

    30 4 16
    26 0 Sum = 0 0
    22 4 16
    ___
    78 mean= 26 32
    The variance

     ( x  x) 2

    s 
    2
    = 32  2 =16
    n 1
    The standard deviation

    s= 16  4
    Find the mean, the standard
    deviation and variance
    x xx (x - x) 2

    4 1 1

    5 0 0

    5 0 0

    7 2 4

    4 1 1

    25 6
    The mean, the standard deviation and
    variance

    Mean =5

    S tan dard deviation  1.5  1.22

    6
    Variance   1 .5
    4
    Computation formula for sample
    standard deviation:

    SS x
    s
    n 1

    where SS x   x
    2

      x
    2

    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE


    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    To find  x 2

    SQUARE THE X VALUES,


    THEN ADD.
    To find 
    ( x ) 2

    Sum the x values, then square.


    Use the computing formulas to
    find s and s2

    x x2 n=5

    4 16 (Sx) 2 = 25 2 = 625
    5 25 Sx2 = 131
    5 25
    SSx = 131 – 625/5 = 6
    7 49
    s2 = 6/(5 –1) = 1.5
    4 16
    s = 1.22
    25 131
    Population Mean and Standard
    Deviation

    population mean     x
    N

    population standard deviation      x  x  2

    where N  number of data values in the population


    COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION:

    A MEASUREMENT OF THE RELATIVE


    VARIABILITY (OR CONSISTENCY) OF
    DATA

    s 
    CV   100 or  100
    x 
    CV is used to
    compare variability or
    consistency

    A sample of newborn infants had a mean weight


    of 6.2 pounds with a standard deviation of 1
    pound.

    A sample of three-month-old children had a mean


    weight of 10.5 pounds with a standard deviation of
    1.5 pounds.

    Which (newborns or 3-month-olds) are more


    variable in weight?
    To compare variability,
    compare Coefficient of Variation

    FOR NEWBORNS: Higher CV: more


    CV = 16.13% variable
    FOR 3-MONTH-
    OLDS: CV = 14.29% Lower CV:
    more consistent
    Use Coefficient of Variation

     TO COMPARE TWO GROUPS OF DATA,


     TO ANSWER:

     WHICH IS MORE CONSISTENT?


     WHICH IS MORE VARIABLE?
    CHEBYSHEV'S THEOREM

    For any set of data and for any number k, greater


    than one, the proportion of the data that lies within
    k standard deviations of the mean is at least:

    1
    1
    k 2

    AE114: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH UNIVERSITY OF THE


    COMPUTER SOFTWARE CORDILLERAS ERWIN L. MEDINA, LPT, CPA, MBA
    COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY
    CHEBYSHEV'S THEOREM for k = 2

    According to Chebyshev’s Theorem, at


    least what fraction of the data falls
    within “k” (k = 2) standard deviations of
    the mean?
    1 3
    At least 1  2 2  4  75 %
    of the data falls within 2 standard deviations of
    the mean.
    CHEBYSHEV'S THEOREM for k = 3

    According to Chebyshev’s Theorem, at


    least what fraction of the data falls
    within “k” (k = 3) standard deviations of
    the mean?
    1 8
    At least 1  3 2  9  88 . 9 %
    of the data falls within 3 standard deviations of
    the mean.
    CHEBYSHEV'S THEOREM for k =4

    According to Chebyshev’s Theorem, at


    least what fraction of the data falls
    within “k” (k = 4) standard deviations of
    the mean?
    1 15
    At least 1  4 2  16  93 . 8 %
    of the data falls within 4 standard deviations of
    the mean.
    Using Chebyshev’s Theorem

    A mathematics class completes an examination


    and it is found that the class mean is 77 and the
    standard deviation is 6.

    According to Chebyshev's Theorem, between


    what two values would at least 75% of the
    grades be?
    Mean = 77
    Standard deviation = 6
    At least 75% of the grades would be in the
    interval:

    x  2 s to x  2 s
    77 – 2(6) to 77 + 2(6)
    77 – 12 to 77 + 12
    65 to 89

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