Self - Introduction (Dr. Aroosa Tariq) : Education

Self –Introduction (Dr.
Aroosa Tariq)
Education
Masters in Neuromuscular Physical Therapy(Gold Medalist),2019
DPT (Gold Medalist)Riphah International university Islamabad,2017
Experience: clinical +Academic experience
Professional Trainings: conferences & workshops
Research work at UG & PG level with publication
Research Interest: Medical education ,Neuro-Rehab
Book
 Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine_23rd Edition.

Learning outcomes
By the end of this lecture student will be able to

Understand the concept of community medicine & its branches
Understand the major components of Epidemiology with its
sequence
Understand the major steps to study the health problems
5 Community Medicine
A branch of medicine that is concerned with the health of the

members of a community.
The emphasis in community medicine is on the early diagnosis of
disease, the recognition of environmental and occupational
hazards to good health, and the prevention of disease in the
community.
6 Community medicine includes
the following branches:
1. Epidemiology 2. Vital statistics
3. Environmental sanitation
4. Child health 5. Rural health
6. Urban health 7. Mental health
8. School health
9. Occupational health
7
1. Epidemiology :
The branch of medicine that deals with the study of the
causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations.
2. Vital statistics:
Quantitative data concerning human life or the conditions
affecting it, such as the death rate, birth rate, morbidity
and mortality rates which are used as health indicators are
called as vital statistics.
8
3. School health
Its objective is the protection of children from communicable
diseases through personal hygiene e.g. oral mouth hygiene
, vaccination, cleanliness of place , water , skin and
clothes.
9
4. Child health : It starts since the intrauterine period till

the age of 14 years .
5. Mental health : It deals with mental and psychological

status of the human being
10
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The study of the distribution(frequency & pattern) and
determinants( of health-related states or events in specified
population, and the application of the study to the control of
health problems. (Last, 1988)
11
12
Major components of Epidemiology
a. Distribution
b. Frequency
c. Determinants
d. Health
e. Disease
f. Population
a. Distribution
(Who Where When)
By distribution we mean the selection of people who experience a disease in

relation to person, place and time
13
PERSON WHO
Personal Characteristics can influence the
chances of an individual developing a disease
Example:
1. Age 3. Occupation
2. Sex 4. Marital Status
14
Place
Where
Place of residence or work can influence the
health of people.
Example:
Place of Residence: Rural / Urban
15
Time When
Describing health problem on the basis of when the
health problem is most severe or during which time
period the greatest number of new cases of disease
occur.
Examples:
Cases/episodes can be described as
16
Per day
Per week
Per year
b. Frequency
Number of occurrences of a determinable entity per unit

time or of population. (disease, disability or death)
17
c. Determinants
These are underlying etiological causes or risk factors of disease.
(Agent, Host, Environment)
Primary Determinants
They are the disease causing agents.
Secondary Determinants
18
These are the attributes of the host and environments.
d. Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease (WHO-1948)
19
e. Disease
Any deviation or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ
or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and
signs and whose etiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown
( Dorlands 1981)
20
f. Population
Focus on people or population
Epidemiology is concerned with the well being of

the total population while clinical medicine focuses
on an individual (Patient).
21
22 Epidemiological Sequence /
Approach
 Descriptive Epidemiology
 Analytical Epidemiology
 Experimental Epidemiology
 Evaluation Epidemiology
23 Major Steps to Study Disease /
Health Problem
 Initial Observation of the Problem
 Define the Problem
 Describe in terms of time, place and person
 Form Hypothesis
 Test Hypothesis
 Evaluate intervention.
24
MEASURES
MEASURES OF OF DISEASE
DISEASE
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
(Morbidity)
(Morbidity)
Rate
Rate is the basic measure of disease occurrence because
it is the measure that most clearly expresses risk of
disease in a defined population over a specific period
of time.
A rate measures the occurrence of some particular
event in a population during a given time period
25
Rate
In a rate Numerator is part of Denominator
Rate has 5 components
1. Numerator (Number of people, episodes…)
2. Denominator (Population at risk, Mid-year
population, Person-Time or total events…)
3. Time specification.
4. Place specification (at a given place..)
5. Constant or multiplier…
26 DR (death rate)
Number of deaths in a specified period

DR= X1000
Average total population during that
period (mid year population)
Ratio
 A ratio expresses a relation in size between two
random quantities.
27
28
Measures of Morbidity or
Disease Frequency
1. Incidence
2. Prevalence
Incidence Rate
It is defined as the number of NEW
cases occurring in a defined population
during a specific period of time.
Population at risk during that period

IR=
Number of new cases of a specific disease in a given time period

X
29
1000
30 USES OF INCIDENCE RATE
1. It is helpful to control the diseases.

2. It is helpful in evaluating the efficacy of
preventive and therapeutic measures.
Prevalence Rate
It is calculated as
No of people with the disease (old & new) or condition

n
=
at a specified time
No of people in the population at risk at that specified time

X 10
31
Prevalence Rate
Prevalence is increased by following
factors
Longer Duration of illness
Prolongation of life of the patient
32 without cure
Prevalence Rate (Contd)
33
Prevalence will be decreased by the

following factors.
– Shorter duration of disease.
– Decrease in new cases (decrease in the incidence)
34
THANKS

Self - Introduction (Dr. Aroosa Tariq) : Education

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Self - Introduction (Dr. Aroosa Tariq) : Education

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Self - Introduction (Dr. Aroosa Tariq) : Education

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Self –Introduction (Dr.

 Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine_23rd Edition.

By the end of this lecture student will be able to

A branch of medicine that is concerned with the health of the

4. Child health : It starts since the intrauterine period till

5. Mental health : It deals with mental and psychological

Major components of Epidemiology

By distribution we mean the selection of people who experience a disease in

Number of occurrences of a determinable entity per unit

Epidemiology is concerned with the well being of

Number of deaths in a specified period

Population at risk during that period

Number of new cases of a specific disease in a given time period

1. It is helpful to control the diseases.

No of people with the disease (old & new) or condition

No of people in the population at risk at that specified time

Prevalence will be decreased by the

You might also like