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3 PLF - Evolution of Programming Models

Programming languages have evolved over several eras from machine language to high-level languages. Machine language uses 1s and 0s and is machine-dependent. Assembly language uses symbols and is also machine-dependent. High-level languages use compilers or interpreters and are machine-independent. Popular high-level languages include Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C, C++, Java and others, each designed for different applications and purposes such as science, business, systems programming etc. Fourth generation languages aim to make programming even more accessible.

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Arenvy Jazzie
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14 views

3 PLF - Evolution of Programming Models

Programming languages have evolved over several eras from machine language to high-level languages. Machine language uses 1s and 0s and is machine-dependent. Assembly language uses symbols and is also machine-dependent. High-level languages use compilers or interpreters and are machine-independent. Popular high-level languages include Fortran, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C, C++, Java and others, each designed for different applications and purposes such as science, business, systems programming etc. Fourth generation languages aim to make programming even more accessible.

Uploaded by

Arenvy Jazzie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING

MODELS
Evolution of Programming Languages

 “Programming languages were developed to


facilitate communication between the user and the
computer.”

 Programming Language Era


 Machine Language
 Symbolic Language
 High – level Language
 Fourth Generation Language
Machine Language
 It is the only language that computer can
understand which consists of a string of ones and
zeros (1s and 0s)

 It is machine-dependent

 Computer ready to execute it


Symbolic Language
 Assembly language/Language processor – it
enabled programmer to write instructions that used
symbols, words or abbreviations which stand for
certain operations

 Assembler – it translate the assembly language into


machine language

 It is machine-dependent
High – level Language
 Compiler/interpreter – it is a special software
which act as language translator for high-level
language

 It is machine independent

 The use of high-level language means lesser time


in writing program
High – level Programming Languages

 Some of the high-level programming languages:

 Fortran (Formula Translation)


 Started in 1954 by IBM Laboratory
 It is a scientific language used in research applications or
analysis of problems in science, engineering and sometimes
in business
High – level Programming Languages

 Lisp (List Processing)


 Developed in 1958
 Designed for the manipulation of symbols and patterns
 One of the most popular languages for Artificial
Intelligence
High – level Programming Languages
 Cobol (Common Business Oriented Language)
 Developed in 1959 by USA Army
 Designed for administrative purposes and among its
significant features are its file processing, editing, and I/O
capabilities
High – level Programming Languages

 PL/1 (Programming Language 1)


 Developed in the middle of 1960s by IBM
 Characterized as general-purpose and procedural applicable
to business as well as scientific applications
High – level Programming Languages

 Basic (Beginners All – purpose Symbolic


Instruction Code)
 Developed in 1965 by John Chimney and Thomas Kurt at
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA
 Described as conversational, procedure-oriented and
general-purpose programming language
High – level Programming Languages

 Prolog (Programming in Logic)


 Developed in 1972
 A logic-language based on logical rewrite systems that can
support artificial intelligence and expert system
High – level Programming Languages

 Pascal
 Named after Blaise Pascal, a brilliant 17 th century
mathematician
 Designed by Niklaus Wirth at the Institute fur Informatik in
Zurich (1971)
 Intended as an instructional language
 RPG (Report Program Generator)
 Designed for programming business-oriented reports
High – level Programming Languages

 ADA
 Named after Lady Ada Byron
 Conceptualized in 1974 by the US Department of Defense
for military applications
High – level Programming Languages

 C (Successor to B)
 Designed by Dennis Ritchie during 1969 to 1971
 One of the most powerful languages at all times which is
very well structured, powerful, portable, and flexible
High – level Programming Languages

 Smalltalk
 Developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1972
 An extreme object oriented language
High – level Programming Languages

 C++(C + 1 in the C language)


 Developed in 1985 at AT&T Bell Laboratory by Bjarne
Stroustrup
 One of the most popular object-oriented languages
High – level Programming Languages

 Java
 Developed in 1994 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
 Combination of C++ and Smalltalk, developed to be as
portable as possible
Fourth Generation Language
 It aims to make programming easier even to non-
technical people

 Three categories of Fourth Generation Language:


 Database and Query Languages
 Natural Languages
 Intelligent Languages

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