Topic 2: Chemical Properties

of Matter
Chemical
Properties of
Matter
• Let’s look at the two garden
trowels pictured here. Both
trowels were left outside for
several weeks.
• What are your observations?
Observations:

• One tool became rusty, the other

did not? Why?
• The tool that rusted is made of
iron, and the other tool is made
of aluminum.
• The ability to rust is a chemical
property of iron but not
aluminum.
Review
• Matter – any substance which occupies space and has mass. It
exhibits physical and chemical properties.
• Atom – the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics
of that element.
What are physical properties?
• A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing the identity of the
substance.
• Examples
• Color
• Hardness
• Malleability
• Density
• Boiling Point
• Melting Point
What are chemical properties?
• Chemical properties of matter describe its potential to undergo some
chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition.
• Examples
• Iron rusts
• A banana turns yellow when it ripens
• A dry piece of paper burns
• Burning of gasoline.

Note: It is quite difficult to define a chemical property without using the word
"change".
Chemical Properties of Matter
• By the end of this topic, we should be able to:
• Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure

• Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties

• Describe the general types of intermolecular forces

• Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances

• Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,

nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions
 Review:
Parts of an
Atom
 Valence
Electrons

Valence electrons – electrons in

the outer most shell of an atom.
Lewis Dot Symbol
a diagram that shows the valence electrons of an atom
The Octet Rule
• The octet rule states that atoms with an
atomic number below 20 tend to combine
so that they each have eight electrons in
their valence shells, which gives them the
same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
• Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons with
other atoms in order to fill their valence level
with eight electrons.
• There are also compounds which are
exceptions to the octet rule, i.e., they do not
comply. For simplicity, we will not be
tackling the exceptions to the octet rule.
• Hydrogen is a common exception to the
Octet Rule. It only requires 2 electrons to fill
its valence shell.
More examples for
the octet rule:
Key Terms:
• Ion – is an atom or molecule in which
the total number of electrons is not
equal to the total number of protons,
giving the atom a net positive or
negative electrical charge.

• If a neutral atom loses one or more

electrons, it has a net positive charge
and is known as a cation.

• If an atom gains electrons, it has a net

negative charge known as an anion.
Key Terms:

• Molecule – is an electrically
neutral group of two or
more atoms held together
by chemical bonds.
Alloys

• Alloy – an alloy is a
mixture or metallic solid
solution composed of two
or more elements, e.g.,
Bronze, Gold alloy, etc.
Chemical
Bonds
• A chemical bond is an
attraction between atoms
that allows the formation of
chemical substances that
contain two or more atoms.
Types of Chemical Bonding
• There are 3 primary types of interatomic bonding: ionic, covalent, and
metallic bonds.
• An ionic bond is formed when one atom donates valence electrons
to another atom.
• A covalent bond is formed when both the atoms share pairs of
valence electrons.
• A metallic bond is formed between a cloud of free electrons and the
positively charged ions in a metal.
Ionic Bonds
• An ionic bond is a type of linkage
formed from the electrostatic
attraction between oppositely
charged ions in a 
chemical compound.

• Such a bond forms when the 

valence electrons of one atom are
transferred permanently to another
atom.

• The atom that loses while the 

electrons becomes a positively
charged ion (cation), while the one
that gains them becomes a
negatively charged ion (anion).
Ionic Bond
IONIC BOND
IONIC BOND
The nucleus of an atom never changes during ion
formation; therefore, the number of neutrons remains
unchanged.
A binary ionic compound is named by using the name of
the cation followed by the name of the anion adding –
ide to the root of the nonmetal name.
Ex. K2O – potassium oxide
MgCl2 – magnesium chloride
Al2S3 – aluminum sulfide
IONIC BOND MINI EXERCISE
Name the following compounds:
a. Na3P
b. CaO
c. Mg3N2
d. BaS
e. Al2O3
f. KI
g. SrCl2
IONIC BOND MINI EXERCISE
Name the following compounds:
a. Na3P – sodium phospide
b. CaO – calcium oxide
c. Mg3N2 – magnesium nitride
d. BaS – barium sulfide
e. Al2O3 – aluminum oxide
f. KI – potassium iodide
g. SrCl2 – strontium chloride
Lewis Structure of Ionic Compounds
Let’s watch this video:

https://youtu.be/xhItoqhHoEE
IONIC BOND HOMEWORK
Using what we learned, draw the Lewis Structure of
each compound on our whiteboard.
a. Na3P
b. CaO
c. Mg3N2
d. BaS
e. Al2O3
f. KI
g. SrCl2
Crystalline Solids

• Ionic compounds form crystals

because the attraction between
cations and anions is very strong.
• Because the anions tend to be smaller
compared to the cations, it is easy for
anions to slip between the gaps of the
large cations, or vice versa.
• Particles having the same charge,
repel each other, resulting in a crystal
arrangement which keeps them
separate. The result is a highly stable
structure.
 • The stability of ionic crystals makes them hard, but they are
brittle.
Hard and Brittle • A mechanical force, such as a strike with a hammer, shifts
layers of ions. This brings ions with the same charge close to
Solids each other.
• The repulsion causes the crystal to shatter along a smooth
plane of the crystal.
 • The high electronegativity difference strongly
attracts the cation and anion. It takes a lot of
High Melting and energy (heat) to separate them to form liquids and
gases.
Boiling Points
Insulating Solids – Conducting Liquids

• Ionic solids don’t conduct

electricity very well. Rather, they
are electrical insulators. 
• However, melting the solid or
dissolving it in water separates
the electrical charges.
• Ionic compounds are electrical
conductors in molten form or
when dissolved in water.
Solubility in Polar and Nonpolar
Solvents
• By their very nature, ionic compounds are polar. They dissolve in polar
solvents, like water, more readily than in nonpolar solvents, like oil.
High Enthalpies of Fusion and
Vaporization
• To put it simply the enthalpy of fusion is the energy required to melt a
solid at constant pressure, while the enthalpy of vaporization is the
heat needed to vaporize a liquid under constant pressure.
• Ionic compounds have high enthalpies of vaporization and fusion as
compared to other compounds, resulting to them having a low vapor
pressure.
• In other words, they often don’t have odor.
A Familiar Example:
Salt
Salt forms crystals, you can see the cubic structure under a magnifying glass

It is an electrical insulator, but when dissolved in water, it is a strong

electrolyte.

It also doesn’t dissolve in oil.

Salt conducts electricity when melted but has a very high melting point.

Easy to taste in water, or with saliva, but has no small because of its low
vapor pressure.
Covalent
Bonds
COVALENT BONDING
covalent bond - also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that
involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
molecule - a neutral group of atoms that are held together by bond
energy
bonding pairs – electrons that are shared between atoms
lone pairs – valence electrons that are not involved in bonding
Rules for Naming Covalent 1. Name the nonmetal furthest to
the left and bottom of the

Compounds periodic table by its element

name.
2. Name the other nonmetal by its
element name but shorten its
name and add an -ide ending.
3. Add prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-,
etc.) in front of each element
name to indicate the number of
atoms of the element. The
number prefix corresponds to the
subscript in the element formula.
If there is no subscript, it means
there is one atom of that element,
and the prefix is “mono-.”
However, omit the “mono-” prefix
in the first element’s name (e.g.,
CCl4 is carbon tetrachloride and
not monocarbon tetrachloride).
Here are some
examples:
• PCl5 – phosphorus
pentachloride
• SO2 – sulfur dioxide
• N2O5 – dinitrogen
pentoxide
Exercise: Name the following covalent compounds

H2O –
CF4 –
SO3 –
NO2 –
IF7 –
SF6 –
SeO –
BrF5 –
CO –
S2F2 –
Exercise: Name the following covalent compounds

H2O – dihydrogen
monoxide
CF4 – carbon tetrafluoride
SO3 – sulfur trioxide
NO2 – nitrogen dioxide
IF7 – iodine heptafluoride
SF6 – sulfur hexafluoride
SeO – selenium monoxide
BrF5 – bromine
pentafluoride
CO – carbon monoxide
S2F2 – Disulfur difluoride
Drawing the Lewis Structure of Covalent
Compounds
• Let’s watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIuXl7o6mAw
Let’s work on an example: carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)

1. C = ____
+ F = ____ x 4
Total = _____
2. Central Atom = ______
3. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure
4. Remaining Valence Electrons =
_______
5. Draw the remaining valence
electrons around the other
atoms
6. Make sure that the octet rule is
satisfied.
Let’s work on an example: carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)

1. C=4
+ F=7x4
Total = 32
2. Central Atom = C
3. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure
4. Remaining Valence Electrons =
32 – 8 = 24
5. Draw the remaining valence
electrons around the other
atoms
6. Make sure that the octet rule is
satisfied.
Let’s work on an example: sulfur trioxide (SO3)

1. S = ____
+ O = ____ x 3
Total = _____
2. Central Atom = ______
3. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure
4. Remaining Valence Electrons =
_______
5. Draw the remaining valence
electrons around the other atoms
6. Make sure that the octet rule is
satisfied (this can be done by
turning lone pairs into
double/triple bonds)
Let’s do some
examples:
1. HBr
2. PCl3
3. N2
4. CO
5. H2CO
6. SiCl4
Types of Covalent Bonds
1. nonpolar covalent
2. polar covalent
Types of Covalent Bonds
A. nonpolar covalent bond - a covalent bond in
which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded
atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical ionic
charge
Example 1) H2
Example 2: Cl2

Example 3: O2

Example 3: N2
More Nonpolar Compounds

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is nonpolar because it has a linear, symmetrical

structure, with 2 oxygen atoms of equal electronegativity pulling the
electron density from carbon at an angle of 180 degrees from either
direction.

Polarity in a molecule occurs due to the unequal sharing of valence

electrons; since there’s no unequal sharing of valence electrons in the
case of carbon dioxide, it is nonpolar.
More Nonpolar Compounds

Methane, the main component of natural gas, is a nonpolar

molecule. In it, four hydrogen atoms surround a single
carbon in a three-dimensional arrangement shaped like a
four-sided pyramid. The symmetry of the hydrogens on the
corners of the pyramid evenly distribute electric charge on
the molecule, making it nonpolar.
COVALENT BONDING
2. Polar covalent bond - a covalent bond in
which the bonded atoms have an unequal
attraction for the shared electrons
The Polarity of Water
• Water has a simple molecular structure. It is composed
of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
• Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the oxygen
via a shared pair of electrons.
 To better
understand • What is electronegativity?
polarity, we must It is the chemical property that describes
first understand the ability of an atom to attract electrons
the concept of towards itself.
electronegativity.
• Looking at water, which element has a
higher electronegativity? To answer this,
we can use a Pauling scale.
Looking at the electronegativity
values, oxygen has 3.5 while
hydrogen has 2.1. What does
this mean?
It means that since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen,
the electrons of the molecule tend to group closer to the oxygen than
to the hydrogen atoms.
This means that even though the molecule is neutral, the oxygen side has a
slight negative charge while the hydrogen side has a slight positive
charge.

Therefore, water is said to

be a "polar" molecule,
which means that there is
an uneven distribution of
electron density.
Basically, polarity means
that a side of a molecule
has a slight negative
charge while the other side
has a slight positive
charge.

Polar compounds creates

an electric dipole. Dipole
means “two poles”
(positive and negative)
Polar vs Nonpolar Bonds
• Nonpolar bonds form between two nonmetals with the same
electronegativity value.
• Polar bonds form between atoms of elements with different
electronegativity values.
• Nonpolar molecules may contain any type of chemical bonds, but the
partial charges cancel each other out.
• Polar molecules contain polar covalent or ionic bonds that are
arranges so their partial charges do not cancel each other out.
Polar Bonds Nonpolar Bonds
• In a polar bond, one atom has a partial • Nonpolar molecules form either when
positive electrical charge, while the other electrons are equally shared between atoms
atom has a partial negative electrical charge. in a molecule or when the arrangement of
(dipole) electrons in a molecule is symmetrical so that
• A polar molecule has an asymmetric shape, dipole charges cancel each other out.
lone electron pair, or central atom bonded to
other atoms with different electronegativity
values.
Polar Compound Characteristics
Nonpolar Compound
Characteristics
• Polar molecules are often hydrophilic and • They tend to be water insoluble at room
soluble in polar solvents. temperature
• Polar molecules often have higher melting • Hydrophobic, and able to dissolve other
points than nonpolar molecules with similar nonpolar compounds.
molar masses.
Polarity and Miscibility
• You can use polarity to predict whether or not two compounds are miscible (will
mix to form a solution).
• The rule of thumb is that “like dissolves like.”
• What this means is that polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, while nonpolar
solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. 
• This explains why alcohol and water are completely miscible (both polar) and why
oil and water don’t mix (nonpolar with polar).
Is there an easier way to
determine a molecule’s
polarity?
Yes, for binary compounds.
1. Subtract the Electronegativity Differences and Bond
electronegativities of the
elements involved. Types

2. Get the absolute value Electronegativity Type of Example

of the answer from 1. That Difference Bond
is the electronegativity
difference.
0.0 – 0.4 Nonpolar Cl2 (0)
covalent
(You don’t have to do
anything with the subscript
of the elements.) 0.4 – 1.7 Polar HCl (0.9)
covalent
> 1.7 Ionic NaCl (2.1)
Exercise: Determine whether the following compounds
are ionic, polar covalent, or non-polar covalent
Compound Electronegativity Bond Type
Difference
NO
HCl
MgO
CH4
KF
CCl4
Na2O
NaBr
Exercise: Determine whether the following compounds
are ionic, polar covalent, or non-polar covalent
Compound Electronegativity Bond Type
Difference
NO 0.5
HCl 0.9
MgO 2.3
CH4 0.4
KF 3.2
CCl4 0.5
Na2O 2.6
NaBr 1.9
Exercise: Determine whether the following compounds
are ionic, polar covalent, or non-polar covalent
Compound Electronegativity Bond Type
Difference
NO 0.5 Polar Covalent
HCl 0.9 Polar Covalent
MgO 2.3 Ionic
CH4 0.4 Nonpolar Covalent
KF 3.2 Ionic
CCl4 0.5 Polar Covalent
Na2O 2.6 Ionic
NaBr 1.9 Polar Covalent
Exercise: Finally, draw the Lewis Structure of the
following compounds.
Compound Electronegativity Bond Type
Difference
NO 0.5 Polar Covalent
HCl 0.9 Polar Covalent
MgO 2.3 Ionic
CH4 0.4 Nonpolar Covalent
KF 3.2 Ionic
CCl4 0.5 Polar Covalent
Na2O 2.6 Ionic
NaBr 1.9 Ionic
General Properties of Covalent Compounds
• Low melting points and boiling points. A relatively small amount of energy is
required to overcome the weak attractions between covalent molecules, so
these compounds melt and boil at much lower temperatures than metallic
and ionic compounds do.
• Low enthalpies of fusion and vaporization These properties are usually one
or two orders of magnitude smaller than they are for ionic compounds.
• Soft or brittle solid forms. The weak intermolecular forces makes the solid
form of covalent molecular compounds easy to distort or break.
• Poor electrical and thermal conductivity. Ionic compounds conduct
electricity well when melted; metallic solids do as well. Covalent molecular
compounds do not.
General Properties of Covalent Compounds
• Low melting points and boiling points
• Low enthalpies of fusion and vaporization
• Soft or brittle solid forms
• Poor electrical and thermal conductivity
Metallic Bonds
What are metallic bonds?
• It is the chemical bonding that results from the attraction between
metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons
Metallic Properties
 high electrical and thermal conductivity
 strong absorbers and reflectors of light
 brilliant
 malleable - the ability to be hammered or beaten into thin sheet
 ductile - the ability to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a
small opening to produce a wire

alloy – a mixture of two or more elements where at least one is a

metal; have properties that are superior than their component
elements
Ex: brass – an alloy of copper and zinc
In Summary:
Ionic Bond vs. Covalent Bond vs. Metallic Bond
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Metallic Bond
Two nonmetals or a nonmetal and a Positively charged ions and negatively
Occurs between A metal and a nonmetal metalloid charged electron cloud

Electrostatic attraction between the

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely
Formation charged ions Sharing pairs of electrons delocalized electron cloud and positively
charged metal ions

Formation between atoms of the same No Yes –

element

Electronegativity difference between atoms High Low for nonpolar compounds and Electronegativity does not play any role
intermediate for polar compounds

Physical state of compounds Solid at room temperature Liquid or gas at room temperature Solid at room temperature
Physical properties High melting and boiling points Low melting and boiling points High melting and boiling points
Some metals react vigorously with water,
Solubility Dissociate into ions in solution ‘Like dissolves like’ while others do not

Low in solid-state, but becomes high in

Conductivity molted state and solutions Low, except conducting polymers High

Examples Sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium Methane (CH4) and water (H2O) Sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
 iodide (KI)
Similarities between Ionic and
Covalent Bonds
• Valance electrons participate in bonding
• Form neutral, stable compounds
• Ionic compounds are always polar. Some covalent
compounds are also polar.
• Ionic compounds are crystalline. Some covalent
compounds are also crystalline.
Similarities between Ionic and Metallic
Bonds
• Metallic bond has high thermal and electrical
conductivities. The ionic bond can have high
conductivities in molten state and solutions.
• Ionic compounds and metals have high melting and
boiling points.
• Ionic compounds and metals are solid at room
temperature
Similarities between Covalent and
Metallic Bonds
• Metals are solid at room temperature. Some covalent
compounds are solid at room temperature.
Sources:
• https://www.chemistrylearner.com/chemical-bonds/ionic-covalent-m
etallic-bonds
• https://sciencenotes.org/polar-and-nonpolar-molecules/
• https://sciencenotes.org/why-is-water-a-polar-molecule/