GEC 4 Unit 1 Lesson 3-4

The Nature of
Mathematics
Here is where your presentation begins
Lecture 2
Objectives
Classify patterns in nature and regularities in the world;
Explain the importance of mathematics in one’s life;
Appreciate mathematics as a human endeavor through creating

self-designed patterns;
WHAT IS MATHEMATICS?
• Mathematics is the study of pattern and structure. Mathematics is
fundamental to the physical and biological sciences, engineering
and information technology, to economics and increasingly to the
social sciences.
• Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and our world.
• Mathematics is a tool to quantify, organize and control our world,

predict phenomena and make life easier for us.
WHERE IS MATHEMATICS?
Many patterns and occurrences exists in

nature, in our world, in our life.
Mathematics helps make sense of these
patterns and occurrences.
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN OUR WORLD?
• Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in

our world.
• Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and
phenomena in the world.
• Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in
the world for our own ends.
• Mathematics has numerous applications in the world
making it indispensable.
TOPIC 3: FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where a number is found by
adding up the two numbers before it. Starting with 0 and 1, the sequence
goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so forth.
Written as a rule, the expression is Xn = Xn−1 + Xn−2
Named after Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano,

Fibonacci numbers were first introduced in his Liber Abbaci (Book of
Calculation) in 1202. The son of a Pisan merchant, Fibonacci traveled widely
and traded extensively. Mathematics was incredibly important to those in the
trading industry, and his passion for numbers was cultivated in his youth.
THE HABBIT RABBIT
One of the book’s exercises which is written like this “A
man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all
sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits are produced
from that pair in a year, if it supposed that every month
each pair produces a new pair, which from the second
month onwards becomes productive?” This is best
understood in this diagram:
The sequence encountered in the rabbit
problem 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,
144, 233, 377, …. is called the Fibonacci
sequence and its terms the Fibonacci
numbers.
GOLDEN RECTANGLE
Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci discovered a sequence of numbers
that created an interesting numbers that created an interesting pattern the
sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34… each number is obtained by adding the
last two numbers of the sequence forms what is known as golden rectangle a
perfect rectangle. A golden rectangle can be broken down into squares the
size of the next Fibonacci number down and below. If we were to take a
golden rectangle, break it down to smaller squares based from Fibonacci
sequence and divide each with an arc, the pattern begin to take shapes, we
begin with Fibonacci spiral in which we can see in nature
FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE
Flower petals exhibit the
Fibonacci number, white calla
lily contains 1 petal, euphorbia
contains 2 petals, trillium
contains 3 petals, columbine
contains 5 petals, bloodroot
contains 8 petals, black-eyed
susan contains 13 petals,
shasta daisies 21 petals, field
daisies contains 34 petals and
other types of daisies contain
55 and 89 petals.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATURE
The sunflower seed conveys the

Fibonacci sequence. The pattern of two
spirals goes in opposing directions
(clockwise and counter-clockwise ). The
number of clockwise spirals and counter
clockwise spirals are consecutive
Fibonacci numbers and usually contains
34 and 55 seeds.
The Fibonacci sequence can also be seen in the way tree branches form or split. A main
trunk will grow until it produces a branch, which creates two growth points. Then, one
of the new stems branches into two, while the other one lies dormant. This pattern of
branching is repeated for each of the new stems. A good example is the sneezewort.
Root systems and even algae exhibit this pattern
GOLDEN RATIO
Fibonacci discovery of Fibonacci sequence happened to approach the
ratio asymptotically. He found the interesting and mysterious
properties of the Fibonacci sequence that the series has a deep
relationship with the golden ratio.
The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion in the early
1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work which was explored by Luca
Pacioli entitled “De Divina Proportione” in 1509. This contains the
drawings of the five platonic solids and it was probably da Vinci who
first called it “section aurea” which is Latin for Golden Secion.
GOLDEN RATIO
In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their
sum to the larger of the two quantities. The Golden Ratio is the relationship between
numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in
a spiral shape. In simple terms, golden ratio is expressed as an equation, where a is
larger than b, (a+b) divided by a is equal to a divided by b, which is equal to
1.618033987…and represented by φ (phi).
GOLDEN TRIANGLE
Golden ratio can be deduced in an isosceles triangle. If we take the isosceles triangle
that has the two base angles of 72 degrees and we bisect one of the base angles, we
should see that we get another golden triangle that is similar to the golden rectangle. If
we apply the same manner as the golden rectangle, we should get a set of whirling
triangles. With these whirling triangles, we are able to draw a logarithmic spiral that
will converge at the intersection of the two lines. The spiral converges at the
intersection of the two lines and this ratio of the lengths of these two lines is in the
Golden Ratio.
GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
It is often said that math contains the answers to most of universe’s questions. Math
manifests itself everywhere. One such example is the Golden Ratio. This famous
Fibonacci sequence has fascinated mathematicians, scientist and artists for many
hundreds of years. The Golden Ratio manifests itself in many places across the
universe, including right here on Earth, it is part of Earth’s nature and it is part of us.
1. Flower petals
number of petals in a flower is often one of the following numbers: 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34 or 55. For example, the lily has three petals, buttercups have five of them, the
chicory has 21 of them, the daisy has often 34 or 55 petals, etc.
2. Faces Faces,
both human and nonhuman, abound with examples of the Golden Ratio. The
mouth and nose are each positioned at golden sections of the distance between the
eyes and the bottom of the chin. Similar proportions can been seen from the side,
and even the eye and ear itself.
3. Body parts
The Golden Section is manifested in the structure of the human
body. The human body is based on Phi and the number 5.The
number 5 appendages to the torso, in the arms, leg and head. 5
appendages on each of these, in the fingers and toes and 5
openings on the face. Animal bodies exhibit similar tendencies.
4. Seed heads
Typically, seeds are produced at the center, and then migrate
towards the outside to fill all the space. Sunflowers provide a great
example of these spiraling patterns.
5. Fruits, Vegetables and Trees
Spiraling patterns can be found on pineapples and cauliflower. Fibonacci
numbers are seen in the branching of trees or the number of leaves on a floral stem;
numbers like 4 are not. 3’s and 5’s, however, are abundant in nature.
6. Shells
Snail shells and nautilus shells follow the logarithmic spiral, as does the
cochlea of the inner ear. It can also be seen in the horns of certain goats, and the shape
of certain spider’s webs.
7. Spiral Galaxies
Spiral galaxies are the most common galaxy shape. The Milky Way has
several spiral arms, each of them a logarithmic spiral of about 12 degrees.
8. Hurricanes
It’s amazing how closely the powerful swirls of hurricane match the
Fibonacci sequence.
GOLDEN RATIO IN ART
The golden ratio can be used to achieve beauty, balance and harmony in art,
architecture and design. It can be used as a tool in art and design to achieve balance in
the composition. Check out some examples of golden ratio in arts
1. The exterior dimension of the Pathernon in Athens, Greece embodies the golden
ratio.
GOLDEN RATIO IN ART
2. In “Timaeus” Plato describes five possible regular solids that relate to the golden
ratio which is now known as Platonic Solids. He also considers the golden ratio to be
the most bringing of all mathematical relationships
GOLDEN RATIO IN ART
3. Euclid was the first to give definition of the golden ratio as “a dividing line in the
extreme and mean ratio” in his book the “Elements”. He proved the link of the numbers
to the construction of the pentagram, which is now known as golden ratio. Each
intersections to the other edges of a pentagram is a golden ratio. Also the ratio of the
length of the shorter segment to the segment bounded by the two intersecting lines is a
golden ratio.
GOLDEN RATIO IN ART
4. Leonardo da Vinci was into many interests such as invention, painting, sculpting, architecture,
science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, botany, writing, history and
cartography. He used the golden ratio to define the fundamental portions in his works. He
incorporated the golden ratio in his own paintings such as the Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper,
Monalisa and St. Jerome in the Wilderness
GOLDEN RATIO IN ARCHITECTURE
Some of the architectural structures that exhibit the application of the Golden ratio are
the following:
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is with
proportion according to a “Golden Ratio”. The length of each side of the base is
756 feet with a height of 481 feet. The ratio of the base to the height is roughly
1.5717, which is close to the Golden ratio
2. The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its construction and was completed
in 1648. The order and proportion of the arches of the Taj Mahal on the main
structure keep reducing proportionately following the golden ratio.
3. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres in Paris, France also exhibits the Golden
ratio.
TOPIC 4 :APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN THE
WORLD
In our daily life, we use mathematics directly or indirectly in various fields. The application of mathematical
methods in different fields such as science, engineering, business, computer science and industry is a combination of
mathematical science and specialized knowledge. For example, statistics, combinatorics, and graph theory are used
by investigators to solve crimes.
Other applications of mathematics are in forensic science, medicine, engineering, information technology,
cryptography, archaeology, social sciences, political science and other fields.
1. In forensic, mathematics is applied specifically the differential and integral calculus to clarify the blurred image
to clear image. Another application of calculus is optimization (maximize or minimize) surface areas, volumes,
profit and cost analysis, projectile motion, etc.
2. In medical field, much of a function of a protein is determined by its shape and how the pieces move. Many
drugs are designed to change the shape or motions of a protein by modeling using geometry and related areas.
Mathematics is also being applied in the development of medicine to cure diseases.
Assignment
A. Write your answer with solution on the space provided below and at the back of
this page. Let Fib(n) be the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence, with Fib(1)=1,
Fib(2)= 1, Fib(3)=2, and so on.(show your solution).
1. Find Fib (8)

2. Find Fib (19)
3. If Fib(22)= 17,711 and Fib(24)=46,368, what is Fib(23)?
4. Evaluate the following sums:
a. Fib(1) + Fib(2) =
b. Fib(1) + Fib(2) + Fib(3) =
c. Fib(1) + Fib(2) + Fib(3) + Fib(4) =
Assignment
In an essay form,
1. Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
2. Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
3. Argue about the nature of mathematics, what is it, how it is expressed, represented and used.
4. Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

THANKS! Do you have any questions?
ppanganiban@ckcgingoog.ph.education
+639975743009
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The Nature of

Explain the importance of mathematics in one’s life;

Appreciate mathematics as a human endeavor through creating

• Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and our world.

• Mathematics is a tool to quantify, organize and control our world,

Many patterns and occurrences exists in

• Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in

Written as a rule, the expression is Xn = Xn−1 + Xn−2

Named after Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano,

The sunflower seed conveys the

1. Find Fib (8)

1. Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.

2. Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.

4. Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,

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