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    Chapter 10 Section 4: Andrew Burtsfield

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    Andrew Burtsfield
    This document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It explains that RNA acts as an intermediate between DNA and proteins, carrying instructions from DNA for protein assembly. The three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA - each play different roles in protein synthesis. The processes of transcription and translation are described, where transcription involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and ribosomes assembling amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code.

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    Chapter 10 Section 4: Andrew Burtsfield

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    Andrew Burtsfield
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    This document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It explains that RNA acts as an intermediate between DNA and proteins, carrying instructions from DNA for protein assembly. The three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA - each play different roles in protein synthesis. The processes of transcription and translation are described, where transcription involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and ribosomes assembling amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code.

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    10-4

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    This document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It explains that RNA acts as an intermediate between DNA and proteins, carrying instructions from DNA for protein assembly. The three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA - each play different roles in protein synthesis. The processes of transcription and translation are described, where transcription involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and ribosomes assembling amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views10 pages

    Chapter 10 Section 4: Andrew Burtsfield

    Uploaded by

    Andrew Burtsfield
    This document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It explains that RNA acts as an intermediate between DNA and proteins, carrying instructions from DNA for protein assembly. The three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA - each play different roles in protein synthesis. The processes of transcription and translation are described, where transcription involves RNA polymerase copying DNA into mRNA, and translation involves mRNA and ribosomes assembling amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Chapter 10 section 4

    Andrew Burtsfield
    Flow of genetic information
     Ribonucleic acid, or RNA acts as an intermediate for
    directing the making of proteins
     During transcription, DNA acts as a template for the
    synthesis of RNA. In translation, RNA directs the assembly
    of proteins
     Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried
    out by RNA is called protein synthesis, or gene expression
    RNA STRUCTURE AND
    FUNCTION
     RNA contains the sugar ribose, not the sugar deoxyribose
    found in DNA
     RNA contains uracil instead of the nitrogenous base thymine
    found in DNA
     RNA is usually single-stranded, though some regions may
    fold to form short double-stranded sections
     RNA is usually much shorter than length in DNA (about
    length of one gene)
    TYPES OF RNA
     Cells have three major types of RNA. Each type plays a
    different role in protein synthesis.
     The first type is messenger RNA (mRNA), a single-stranded
    RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to
    make a protein
     The second type is ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is part of
    the structure of ribosomes
     The third type of RNA is transfer RNA (tRNA), which
    transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
    TRANSCRIPTION
     Transcription is the process by which the genetic instructions in a
    specific gene are transcribed or “rewritten” into an RNA molecule.

     STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION

     (1) RNA polymerase, an enzyme thatcatalyzes the formation of RNA on


    a DNA template, binds to a promoter

     (2) RNA polymerase adds free nucleotides that are complementary to the
    nucleotides on one of the DNA strands

     RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal, a specific sequence of


    nucleotides that marks the end of a gene. The RNA polymerase now
    releases both the DNA and the newly formed RNA.
    TRANSCRIPTION
    The genetic code is the term for the rules that relate
    how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in the
    nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid
    Each three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that
    encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop
    signal is called a codon
    TRANSLATION
     Every protein is made of one or more polypeptides
     They are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
     Steps of Translation
     Two ribosomal units, tRNA and an mRNA, join together.
    Enzymes first attach a specific amino acid to one end of each
    tRNA according to the genetic code. The other end of each
    tRNA contains the anticodon, three nucleotides on the RNA
    that are complementary to the sequence of a codon in mRNA
    Steps of Translation

     (2) The polypeptide chain is put together. A tRNA carrying


    the appropriate amino acid pairs its anticodon with the
    second codon in the mRNA. The ribosome then detaches
    methionine from the first tRNA, and a peptide bond forms
    between methionine and the second amino acid
     (3) The polypeptide chain continues to grow as the mRNA
    moves along the ribosome. A new tRNA moves in, carrying
    an amino acid for the next mRNA codon
    Steps of Translation

     (4) The ribosome reaches the stop codon, and the newly
    made polypeptide falls off.
     (5) The components of translation come apart. The last tRNA
    leaves the ribosome, and the ribosome move away from the
    mRNA
    Human Genome
     Genome, the complete genetic content
     An important new field called bioinformatics uses computers
    to compared different DNA sequences.
     This is to learn what information the DNA sequences
    actually encode

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