THE POWER

SYSTEM: AN
OVERVIEW

PETER REY M. TUMOLVA, REE

HISTORY

The first electric network in the US was

established in 1882 at the Pearl Street
Station in New York City by Thomas Edison.
The station supplied DC power for lighting
the Manhattan area. The power was
generated by DC generators and distributed
by underground cables.
HISTORY

Because of excessive power loss, I2R at

low voltage, Edison’s companies could
deliver energy only at short distance from
their stations.
With the invention of the transformer
(William Stanley, 1885) to raise the level of
AC voltage for transmission and distribution,
the advantages of the AC system became
apparent, and made the AC system
prevalent.
HISTORY

The first single-phase ac system in the

US was at Oregon City where power was
generated by two 300 hp waterwheel
turbines and transmitted at 4 kV to Portland.
Southern California Edison Company
installed the first three-phase system at 2.3
kV in 1893.
HISTORY

In the beginning, individual companies

were operating at different frequencies
anywhere from 25 Hz to 133 Hz. But as the
need for interconnection and parallel
operation became evident, a standard
frequency of 60 Hz was adopted throughout
the US and Canada. Most European
countries selected the 50 Hz system.
MODERN POWER
SYSTEM
MODERN POWER SYSTEM

The power system of today is a complex

interconnected network. A power system can
be subdivided into four major parts:
• Generation
•Transmission and Subtransmission
•Distribution
•Loads
MODERN POWER
SYSTEM

GENERATION
 GENERATION

One of the essential components of

power system is the three-phase ac
generator known as synchronous
generator or alternator.
The source of the mechanical power,
commonly known as the prime mover, may
be hydraulic turbines at waterfalls, steam
turbines whose energy comes from the
burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel, and
gas turbines.
 GENERATION

Steam turbines operate at relatively high

speed of 3600 or 1800 rpm. The generators
to which they are coupled are cylindrical
rotors, two-pole for 3600 rpm or four-pole for
1800 rpm operation.
In a power station, several generators are
operated in parallel in the power grid to
provide the total power needed. They are
connected at a common point called a bus.
 GENERATION

With today’s emphasis on environmental

consideration and conservation of fossil
fuels, many alternate sources are
considered. Some of these are solar power,
geothermal power, wind power, tidal
power and nuclear fusion.
 GENERATION

TRANSFORMERS
Another major component of a power
system is the transformer. It transfers power
with very high efficiency from one level of
voltage to another level. The power
transferred to the secondary is almost the
same as the primary, except for losses in the
transformer.
 GENERATION

Therefore, using a step-up transformer of

turns ratio a will reduce the secondary
current by a ratio of 1/a. This will reduce
losses in the line, which makes the
transmission of power over long distances
possible.
MODERN POWER
SYSTEM

TRANSMISSION
 TRANSMISSION

The purpose of an overhead transmission

network is to transfer electric energy from
generating units at various locations to the
distribution system which ultimately supplies the
load.
Transmission lines also interconnect
neighbouring utilities which permits not only
economic dispatch of power within regions during
normal conditions, but also the transfer of power
between regions during emergencies.
 TRANSMISSION

Standard transmission voltages are

established in the US by the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Transmission voltage lines operating at
more than 60 kV are standardized at 69kV,
115kV, 138kV, 161kV, 230kV, 345kV and
500kV line-to-line.
 TRANSMISSION

The portion of the transmission system

that connects the high-voltage substations
through step-down transformers to the
distribution substations are called the
subtransmission network. Typically, the
subtransmission voltage level ranges from
69kV to 138kV.
MODERN POWER
SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION
 DISTRIBUTION

The distribution system is that part which

connects the distribution substations to the
consumers’ service-entrance equipment.
The primary distribution lines are usually in
the range of 4 to 34.5kV and supply the load
in a well-defines geographical area.
 DISTRIBUTION

The secondary distribution network

reduces the voltage for utilization by
commercial and residential consumers.
Lines and cables not exceeding a few
hundred feet in length then deliver power to
the individual consumers.
 DISTRIBUTION

The secondary distribution serves most of

the customers at levels of 240/120V, single-
phase, three-wire; 208Y/120 V, three-phase,
four-wire; or 480Y/277 V, three-phase, four
wire.
Distribution systems are both overhead
and underground.
MODERN POWER
SYSTEM

LOADS
 LOADS

Loads of power systems are divided into

industrial, commercial and residential. Very
large industrial loads may be served from
the transmission system. Large industrial
loads are served directly from the
subtransmission network, and small
industrial loads serve from the primary
distribution network.
ELECTRICITY
SECTOR IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
 The electricity sector in the Philippines
provides electricity through power
generation, transmission and distribution to
many parts of the Philippines. The
Philippines is divided into three electrical
grids, one each for Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao. As of June 2016, the total
installed capacity in the Philippines was
20,055 MW.
HISTORY
 HISTORY

La Electricista
Founded in 1892, it was the very first
electric company to provide electricity in
Manila. It built the first electric generating
plant in the country, the Central Power Plant,
on Calle San Sebastian (now R. Hidalgo) in
Manila.
 HISTORY

Meralco
Meralco was established as the Manila
Electric Railroad and Light Company in
1903. It was created to provide light and an
electric railway system to Manila.
During World War II, the transportation
infrastructure of Meralco was destroyed and
instead of rebuilding the railway, the
company focused its efforts onto its electric
services.
 HISTORY

Meralco
During the 1960s, a group of Filipino
investors led by Eugenio Lopez Sr. bought
Meralco from the American investors.
Meralco proceeded to expand during this
time. It as also during this period that
Meralco became the very first billion peso
company in the Philippines.
 HISTORY

Meralco
During the 1970s, the Philippine
Government made it a state policy for the
government to own all major generating
facilities. Meralco sold all of its generating
plants to the National Power Corporation
(NPC) and thus, electric distribution became
its core business.
POWER GENERATION
 POWER GENERATION

Power generation in the Philippines is regulated

by the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) who
must issue a certificate of compliance to interested
parties to ensure that the standards set forth in the
Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
(EPIRA) are followed.
The ERC is also responsible for determining
any power abuse or anti-competitive behavior.
Power generation is a value added tax zero-rated
(i.e. not subjected to 12% VAT) to ensure lower
rates for end-users.
 POWER GENERATION

Power Generation by Source as of 2014

 POWER GENERATION

Number of
operational power
plants in the
Philippines as of
2014
POWER GENERATION

Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in

Valencia, Negros Occidental
POWER GENERATION

Magat Power Plant

POWER GENERATION

Bangui Wind Farm, in Bangui, Ilocos

Norte
POWER TRANSMISSION
 POWER TRANSMISSION

Power transmission is regulated by the

ERC who has rate-making powers and the
final say in the valuation of transmission
assets. Pursuant to the EPIRA and the
Transmission Development Plan (TDP),
maintenance and operations of the
nationwide transmission system was
subjected to competitive public bidding
conducted by the Power Sector Assets and
Liabilities Management (PSALM).
 POWER TRANSMISSION

The National Grid Corporation of the

Philippines (NGCP) was the highest bidder.
It assumed control of the national
transmission system from the National
Transmission Corporation (TransCo).
 POWER TRANSMISSION

Grids
An electrical grid is an interconnected
network for delivering electricity from
producers to consumers.
The Philippine transmission system is
composed of three grids: the Luzon Grid,
Visayas Grid and Mindanao Grid.
 POWER TRANSMISSION

Grids
The Luzon Grid is interconnected with the
Visayas Grid through the HVDC Leyte-
Luzon, a high voltage direct current
transmission line and a submarine cable
with a transfer capacity of 440 MW between
Naga and Ormoc.
 POWER TRANSMISSION

Grids
The Visayas Grid is composed of five
small grids (sub-grids) connected with
submarine cables, but arranged in a radial
configuration, that may disconnect one sub-
grid in case a fault develop on one
submarine cable interconnection.
 POWER TRANSMISSION

Grids
The Mindanao Grid is composed of 138kV
lines for long distance transmission, and
primarily relies on hydropower, usually from
Agus Hydroelectric Power Plant in Iligan and
Pulangi Hydroelectric Power Plant in
Bukidnon.
POWER DISTRIBUTION
 POWER DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of electric power to all end-

users or consumers of electricity may be
handled by private distribution utilities,
cooperatives, local government units
presently undertaking this function and other
duly authorized entities, under the regulation
of the ERC.
 POWER DISTRIBUTION

According to National Electrification

Administration (NEA), the distribution sector
is composed of 119 electric cooperatives, 16
privately owned utilities and six local
government-owned utilities as of 2009.
Currently, Meralco is the Philippines’
largest distribution utility covering Metro
Manila, the entire province of Bulacan, Rizal
and Cavite, parts of Laguna, Quezon,
Batangas and Pampanga.
Basic Structure of the Power System
Common Voltages Used
in Power Lines in the
Philippines
Voltage Description
Typical voltage on secondary
distribution lines, primarily
220/440
used in houses and small
businesses
Three-phase, usually used to
230/380
feed large commercial users
Standard three-phase
13 200 distribution line voltage by
many electric cooperatives
Typical subtransmission line
69 000
voltage by NGCP
Voltage Description
Standard subtransmission
115 000
voltage by Meralco
Typical voltage of NGCP
138 000 transmission lines in Visayas
and Mindanao
Typical voltage of NGCP
230 000
transmission line in Luzon
 SOURCES
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Philippines
•http://
wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/WikiProject_Power_networks/Philippine
s
•https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://
www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/images/2015/02/energy-graphic-s
tructure-electricity-grid.jpg
• Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat