Chapter 1

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Pregunta lo que ignoras y pasarás por
tonto cinco minutos; no lo preguntes, y
serás tonto la vida entera."

Proverbio oriental
Zoology: the scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries
of human inquiry into the animal world.

Fundamental Properties of Life

What is life?

Does Life Have Defining Properties?

Figure 01.co

Zoologist studying the behavior of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the

Amboseli Reserve, Kenya.
Figure 01.01a

A, Observing moray eels in Maui, Hawaii

Figure 01.01b

Working with tranquilized polar bears

Figure 01.01c

C, Banding mallard ducks

Figure 01.01d

observing Daphnia pulex (150) microscopically

Figure 01.po
 •PROPIEDADES
FUNDAMENTALES DE LA VIDA
•Se PUEDE DEFINIR LA VIDA?
 General Properties of Living Systems
Chemical uniqueness.
Complexity and hierarchical organization.
The appearance of new characteristics at a given level of
organization is called emergence, and these characteristics are
known as emergent properties.
Reproduction: sexually or asexually, heredity and variation.

Possession of a genetic program: genetic code

Metabolism: physiology

Development: metamorphosis

Environmental interaction: irritability, ecology

 CARACTERES GENERALES DE LOS SISTEMAS VIVOS

1. EXCLUSIVIDAD QUIMICA

Figure 1-2
A computer simulation of the three-dimensional
structure of the lysozyme protein (A), which is used by
animals to destroy bacteria. The protein is a linear
string of molecular subunits called amino acids,
connected as shown in B, that fold in a three-
dimensional pattern to form the active protein. The
white balls correspond to carbon atoms, the red balls
to oxygen, the blue balls to nitrogen, the yellow balls
to sulfur, the green balls to hydrogen, and the black
balls
2. COMPLEJIDAD Y ORGANIZACIÓN JERARQUICA

Figure 1-3
Volvox globator (see pp. 224–225) is a
multicellular phytoflagellate that illustrates three
different levels of the biological hierarchy:
cellular, organismal, and populational. Each
individual spheroid (organism) contains cells
embedded in a gelatinous matrix.

The larger cells function in reproduction, and

the smaller ones perform the general metabolic
functions of the organism. The individual
spheroids together form a population.
Figure 01.04

Figure 1-4
Electron micrograph of ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells (see pp. 185–188).
Cells are the basic building blocks of living organisms.
Figure 01.01
 3. REPRODUCCION:

Reproductive processes observed at four different levels of biological complexity: A, Molecular level—electron
micrograph of a replicating DNA molecule;
B, Cellular level—micrograph of cell division at mitotic telophase; C, Organismal level—a king snake
hatching; D, Species level—formation of new species in the sea urchin (Eucidaris) after geographic separation
of Caribbean (E. tribuloides) and Pacific (E. thouarsi) populations by the formation of a land bridge.
Figure 01.05a

REPRODUCCIÓN A
NIVEL MOLECULAR

A, Molecular level—electron micrograph of a replicating DNA molecule;

Figure 01.05b

B, Cellular level—micrograph of cell division at mitotic telophase

Figure 01.05c

C, Organismal level—a king snake hatching

Figure 01.05d

D, Species level—formation of new species in the sea urchin (Eucidaris) after geographic separation of
Caribbean (E. tribuloides) and Pacific (E. thouarsi) populations by the formation of a land bridge.
4. POSESIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA
GENETICO: Un programa genético garantiza
la fidelidad de la herencia

Figure 1-6
James Watson and Francis Crick with a model
of the DNA double helix (A).

Genetic information
is coded in the nucleotide base sequence inside
the DNA molecule.

Genetic variation is shown

(B) in DNA molecules that are similar in base
sequence but differ from each other at four
positions. Such differences can encode
alternative traits, such as different eye colors.
Figure 01.06a

James Watson and Francis Crick with a model of the DNA double helix (A).
Figure 01.06a

Genetic variation is shown

(B) in DNA molecules that are similar in base
sequence but differ from each other at four
positions. Such differences can encode
alternative traits, such as different eye colors.
5. METABOLISMO: Los organismos vivos se automantienen obteniendo
alimento de su entorno

Feeding processes illustrated by

(A) an ameba surrounding food and

(B) a chameleon capturing insect prey with its
projectile tongue.
Figure 01.07a

an ameba surrounding food

Figure 01.07b

a chameleon capturing insect prey with its projectile tongue.

6. DESARROLLO:Todos los organismos tienen un ciclo vital característico

Figure 1-8
Pupal and adult stages of an insect life cycle: A, Adult monarch butterfly emerging from its
pupal
case; B, Fully formed adult monarch butterfly.
Figure 01.08a

Adult monarch butterfly emerging from its

pupal case
Figure 01.08b

Fully formed adult monarch butterfly.

7. INTERACCIÓN AMBIENTAL: irritabilidad

Figure 1-9
A lizard regulates its body temperature by choosing different locations (microhabitats) at different times of
day.
8. MOVIMIENTO: Los sistemas vivos y sus partes muestran movimientos precisos y
controlados que se originan en el propio sistema.
 Life Obeys Physical Laws

• The first law of thermodynamics is the law of

• conservation of energy.

• The second law of thermodynamics states that

physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of
• greater disorder, or entropy. The energy obtained and
stored by plants is subsequently released by a variety
of mechanisms and finally dissipated as heat.
 • Qué es un animal?

All animals are eukaryotes.

All animals are heterotrophs.
Animals are multicellular. Most animals (with the
exception of sponges) have bodies that are
differentiated into tissues.
Most animals are capable of movement.
Most animals undergo sexual reproduction although a
small number are capable of asexual reproduction.
Most animals are diploid.
Animals do not possess rigid cell walls (plants do have
rigid cell walls).
Mezcla de caracteres de plantas y
animales: fotosíntesis y motilidad
 • Principles of Science
• Nature of Science
• 1. It is guided by natural law.
• 2. It has to be explanatory by reference to natural law.
• 3. It is testable against the observable world.
• 4. Its conclusions are tentative, that is, are not
necessarily the final word.
• 5. It is falsifiable.
 • Scientific Method
• These essential criteria of science form the basis for an
approach known as the
• hypothetico-deductive method.
• Experimental versus Evolutionary Sciences
• The first category seeks to understand the proximate or immediate causes that
• underlie the functioning of biological systems at a particular time and place.
• experimental sciences proceed using the experimental
• method.
• This method consists of three steps:
• (1) predicting how a system being studied will respond to a
disturbance,
• (2) making the disturbance, and then
• (3) comparing the observed results with the predicted ones.
Figure 01.11

HIPOTESIS Y TEORIA DE LA SELECCIÓN NATURAL

Figure 1-11
Light and melanic forms of the peppered moth, Biston betularia on, A, a lichen-covered tree in unpolluted
countryside and, B, a soot-covered tree near industrial Birmingham, England. These color variants have a
simple genetic basis. C, Recent decline in the frequency of themelanic form of the peppered moth with fallingair
pollution in industrial areas of England. Thefrequency of the melanic form still exceeded 90% in 1960, when
smoke and sulfur dioxideemissions were still high. Later, as emissions felland light-colored lichens began to
grow again on the tree trunks, the melanic form became more conspicuous to predators. By 1986, only 50% of
the moths were still of the melanic form, the rest having been replaced by the light form
Figure 01.11a
Figure 01.11b
Figure 01.11c

C, Recent decline in the frequency of the melanic form of the peppered moth with fallingair pollution in
industrial areas of England. The frequency of the melanic form still exceeded 90% in 1960, when smoke and
sulfur dioxide emissions were still high. Later, as emissions fell and light-colored lichens began to grow again
on the tree trunks, the melanic form became more conspicuous to predators. By 1986, only 50% of the moths
were still of the melanic form, the rest having been replaced by the light form
 Las ciencias experimentales frente a las evolutivas

• evolutionary sciences proceed largely using

the comparative method rather than
experimentation.
• Las ciencias experimentales: seeks to
understand the proximate or immediate
causes that underlie the functioning of
biological systems at a particular time and
place.
Los dos principales paradigmas que guían la investigación zoológica
TEORIA DE LA EVOLUCIÓN Y CROMOSÓMICA DE LA HERENCIA

Figure 1-12
Modern evolutionary theory is strongly
identified with Charles Robert Darwin
who, with Alfred Russel Wallace,
provided the first credible explanation of
evolution.

This photograph of Darwin was taken in

1854 when he was 45 years old. His most
famous book, On the Origin of Species,
appeared five years later.

HECHOS que sustentan la evolución por

SN:
1. Cambio perpetuo
2. Origen común
3. Multiplicación de las especies
4. Selección natural
Figure 01.13

Figure 1-13
An early tree of life drawn in 1874 by the
German biologist, Ernst Haeckel, who was
strongly influenced by Darwin’s theory of
common descent.

Many of the phylogenetic hypotheses

shown in this tree, including the unilateral
progression of evolution toward humans
( Menschen, top), have since been refuted.
Figure 01.14

Figure 1-14
Gradualism provides a plausible explanation for the origin of different bill shapes in the Hawaiian
honeycreepers shown here. This theory has been challenged, however, as an explanation of the evolution of
such structures as vertebrate scales, feathers, and hair from a common ancestral structure. The geneticist
Richard Goldschmidt viewed the latter forms as unbridgeable by any gradual transformation series.
Figure 01.15

Figure 1-15
According to Darwinian evolutionary theory, the different forms of these vertebrate forelimbs were molded by
natural selection to adapt them for different functions. We will see in later chapters that, despite these adaptive
differences, these limbs share basic structural similarities.
HERENCIA MENDELIANA Y LA TEORIA CROMOSOMICA DE LA HERENCIA

Figure 1-16
A, Gregor Johann Mendel.
Figure 01.16b

B, The monastery in Brno, Czech Republic, now a museum, where Mendel carried out his
experiments with garden peas.
 CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LA GENETICA

Figure 1-17
Different predictions of particulate versus blending inheritance regarding the outcome of Mendel’scrosses of tall and short plants. The
prediction of particulate inheritance is upheld and the predictionof blending inheritance is falsified by the results of the experiments. The
reciprocal experiments(crossing short female parents with tall male parents) produced similar results. (P1 parentalgeneration; F1 first
filial generation; F2 second filial generation.)
CONTRIBUCIONES DE LA BIOLOGIA CELULAR: microscopios
permitieron ver la naturaleza de los gametos, CROMOSOMAS,

Figure 1-18
An early nineteenth-century
micrographic drawing of sperm from
(1) guinea pig, (2) white mouse,
(3) hedgehog, (4) horse, (5) cat,
(6) ram, and (7) dog (Prévost and
Dumas, 1821).

Some biologists initially interpreted these

as parasitic
worms in the semen, but on further
examination found them to be male
gametes.
Figure 01.19

Figure 1-19
Paired chromosomes being separated before
nuclear division in the process of forming
gametes.
Figure 01.p012

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, animal research
has helped extend our life expectancy by 20.8 years.
• A few years ago, Congress passed a series of
amendments to the Federal Animal Welfare Act, a
body of laws covering animal care in laboratories and
other facilities.
• These amendments have become known as the three
R’s:
• Reduction in the number of animals needed for
research;
• Refinement of techniques that might cause stress or
• suffering;
• Replacement of live animals with simulations or cell
cultures whenever possible.
 • Declaración Universal
de los Derechos de los Animales
• Considerando que todo animal posee derechos y que el desconocimiento y
desprecio de dichos derechos han conducido y siguen conduciendo al
hombre a cometer crímenes contra la naturaleza y los animales, se proclama
lo siguiente:
• Artículo No. 1
Todos los animales nacen iguales ante la vida y tienen los mismos derechos
a la existencia.
• Artículo No. 2
a) Todo animal tiene derecho al respeto.
b) El hombre, como especie animal, no puede atribuirse el derecho de
exterminar a los otros animales o de explotarlos, violando ese derecho.
Tiene la obligación de poner sus conocimientos al servicio de los animales.
c) Todos los animales tienen derecho a la atención, a los cuidados y a la
protección del hombre.
• Artículo No. 3
a) Ningún animal será sometido a malos tratos ni a actos crueles.
b) Si es necesaria la muerte de un animal, ésta debe ser instantánea, indolora
y no generadora de angustia.
• Artículo No. 4
a) Todo animal perteneciente a una especie salvaje tiene
derecho a vivir libre en su propio ambiente natural, terrestre,
aéreo o acuático y a reproducirse.
b) Toda privación de libertad, incluso aquella que tenga fines
educativos, es contraria a este derecho.
• Artículo No. 5
a) Todo animal perteneciente a una especie que viva
tradicionalmente en el entorno del hombre tiene derecho a
vivir y crecer al ritmo y en las condiciones de vida y de
libertad que sean propias de su especie.
b) Toda modificación de dicho ritmo o dichas condiciones que
fuera impuesta por el hombre con fines mercantiles es
contraria a dicho derecho.
• Artículo No. 6
a) Todo animal que el hombre haya escogido como
compañero tiene derecho a que la duración de su vida sea
conforme a su longevidad natural.
b) El abandono de un animal es un acto cruel y degradante.
• Artículo No. 7
Todo animal de trabajo tiene derecho a una limitación razonable del tiempo
e intensidad del trabajo, a una alimentación reparadora y al reposo.
• Artículo No. 8
a) La experimentación animal que implique un sufrimiento físico o
psicológico es incompatible con los derechos del animal, tanto si se trata de
experimentos médicos, científicos, comerciales, como de otra forma de
experimentación.
b) Las técnicas alternativas deben ser utilizadas y desarrolladas.
• Artículo No. 9
Cuando un animal es criado para la alimentación debe ser nutrido, instalado
y transportado, así como sacrificado, sin que ello resulte para él motivo de
ansiedad o dolor.
• Artículo No. 10
a) Ningún animal debe ser explotado para esparcimiento del hombre.
b) Las exhibiciones de animales y los espectáculos que se sirvan de animales
son incompatibles con la dignidad del animal.
• Artículo No. 11
Todo acto que implique la muerte de un animal sin necesidad es un biocidio,
es decir, un crimen contra la vida.
• Artículo No. 12
a) Todo acto que implique la muerte de un gran número de animales salvajes
es un genocidio, es decir, un crimen contra la especie.
b) La contaminación y la destrucción del ambiente natural conducen al
genocidio.
• Artículo No. 13
a) Un animal muerto debe ser tratado con respeto.
b) Las escenas de violencia, en las cuales los animales son víctimas, deben
ser prohibidas en el cine y en la televisión, salvo si ellas tienen como fin dar
muestra de los atentados contra los derechos del animal.
• Artículo No. 14
a) Los organismos de protección y salvaguarda de los animales deben ser
representados a nivel gubernamental.
b) Los derechos del animal deben ser defendidos por la ley, como lo son los
derechos del hombre.
• Esta declaración fue adoptada por La Liga Internacional de los
Derechos del Animal en 1977, que la proclamó al año siguiente.
Posteriormente, fue aprobada por la Organización de Naciones Unidas
(ONU) y por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación,
la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO).