Application of Geophysical Methods

for Mapping and Exploration

WHAT IS GEOPHYSICS ?
 INTERRELATIONSHIPS
EARTH SCIENCES: Geology, Physics,
Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology
GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS
 Study of Solid earth  Physics of Earth
and the processes by  Mainly quantitative
which it evolves physical methods –
 Mainly Observational Measurable
Science  Continuous field
 Discrete field  Integration of signals
 Differentiation
INTERRELATIONSHIP
S
 Sciences – Cause & Effect

Internal Composition &

Shape of Earth Geology
structure Effects
Geophysic
al
Signatures
Effect of
Rotation
Celestial
bodies

Density Suceptibility
Conductivity
Cause

Geological
Processes

Elasticity Radioactivity
 “ Cause and
What is cause Effect
and What is effect In the
context of Earth Science?

Always cause before effect – Preceding

”
Whenever cause happens – Effect must also
occur More the cause – More the effect

Complexity
One Cause: Several effects
One effect: Due to several causes
Introduction to Geophysical
Mapping
Study of Earth using physical principles
Physical property contrast between Target
and Environment
That Physical property must produce
Measurable signals on surface (Size,
Depth of burial of target zones etc)
Conducive overburden
 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
PASSIVE SOURCE ACTIVE SOURCE

SOURCE SOURCE CREATED

NATURALLY AND RESPONSE
AVAILABLE STUDIES
 GRAVITY • SEISMIC METHODS
 MAGNETIC • ELECTRICAL METHODS
 RADIOMETRIC • ELECTROMAGNETI
 SELF POTENTIAL C METHODS
 THERMAL • INDUCED
POLARISATION
 ATMOSPHERIC CURRENTS METHOD
No depth control Object of interest can be
focused with proper
source
Geophysical surveys are parameters
employed, based on the objective,
on Surface, Airborne, Marine and in
 Geophysical Methods
Geophysica Principle Unit of measurement
l Method
Gravity Acceleration due to gravity milli Gals
Magnetics Total field or vertical gradient gammas / nano Teslas
Resistivity Geometry of the array Ohm-meters
Seismics Refraction Millisecond Vs. Distance
Reflection Millisecond per unit distance

SP Self Potential Milli volts

IP Induced Polarisation Time domain Milli volts/volt or
Induced Polarisation Freq domain milliseconds
Percent
frequency Effect
CR Multi frequency generalised IP Milli radians
CSAMT Controlled source audio frequency Ohm-m , milli radians
magnetotellurics
FEM Frequency domain electromagnetics Percentage for
inphase/quadrature etc, field
strength ratio, tilt angle

TEM Transient electro magnetics Milli seconds / ohm-m

 Geophysical Mapping

Gravity Field : Most desirable, smoothy

l
varying,Predictable
Magnetic Field: Time varying,
predictable,
crustal rocks
Electrical Field: Unpredictable,
Ionospheric activity
Radiometric Field: Surface geology, dies out
very rapidly, good for
bringing out surface geology
 1. Western Ethiopian Shield -
7 3 Gravity low (Western border of
Ethiopia)
6 2. Amazonian shield of South America
8 – Moderate Gravity
low (Eastern part of SA,
4 Brazil)
3. The Angaran Shield of west Siberia
12 11 - Moderate Gravity low
World Geological Provinces 1 10 4.Arabian-Nubian Shield - Gravity low
2 Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and
5 Somalia
5. Western Australian Shield
– Gravity low
BUREAU GRAVIMETRIQUE INTERNATIONAL (BGI) 6. Baltic shield of Scandinavia and E.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS (IAGG) WGM2012 Europe – Gravity high
(EARTH’S GRAVITY ANOMALIES) DATA SOURCES: LAND, MARINE AND SATELLITE Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland,
Karelia, and the Kola Peninsula.
7.Canadian Shield – Gravity low
7 3
8.North China Craton (China-Korean) –
Gravity low
6 8 9.The East Antarctic Shield – Gravity
12 4 11
low
1 10. Guiana Shield – Gravity high
10 Guyana, Suriname, F.Guyana,
2
5 Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil
11. Indian Shield – Moderate
Gravity low
12.Man Shield (south east of western
9 Africa) – Gravity high
 Basic Concepts
of Geophysical Mapping
 Basic assumptions while employing the Geophysical
surveys are
 A) Earth materials have distinct boundaries (surface/Subsurface)
 B) An Earth material has same property throughout, homogeneous
 C) The units have same properties in all directions (isotropic)

 As the above assumptions are always different from

geological reality, hence ambiguity exists in interpreting
the Geophysical data
 GEOPHYSICAL
MAPPING
What Background • OVERLAPPING PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
What component of • POOR PHYSICAL PROPERTY
anomaly due to CONTRAST
surface geology • EFFECT OF OVERBURDEN
• REGIONAL FIELD
If concealed from • DIMENSION
what depth – OF GEOLOGICAL UNIT /
source of anomaly SCALE OF MAPPING
• CONVERTING CONTINUOUS
GEOPHYSICAL FIELDS IN TO
DISCRETE GEOLOGICAL
FIELD
 GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC
METHODS
They are natural methods; employing
gravity and magnetic fields of earth
Oldest methods, cheap and ideal for
reconnaissance survey of large areas to limit
for detailed survey
Most effective for mapping the geology and
structure as they are dependent on
physical properties of rocks
Direct detection of minerals is possible,
provided there exists sufficient density contrast
with the surroundings
Earth’s gravity and magnetic field gets modfied
(measurable) with different rock units
GRAVITY
METHOD
 Newton’s law of gravitational force; two masses
attract each other depending on their mass
and distance between them
 Attraction due to earth is called ‘gravitational
field’
 Gravitational field depends on geographic position
(normal field), elevation and density of rocks
beneath the point of observation
 Reduction of gravity data
 Bouguer gravity anomaly
 Scale of surveys
 Regional – Residual separation
 Salient features of Gravity
Method
 The gravitational acceleration on earth surface denoted by g
is measured in ‘Gal’ i.e., 1cm/ sec2 .

 In Gravity method the relative variations in acceleration due

to gravity are measured .

 The gravimeter measures very minute variations of the order

of
10-7
to 10-8 times the earths gravity
field.
 The variation in gravity due to geological formations and ore
deposits etc., vary from a fraction of a milli.Gal to few tens of
milli.Gals.

 The density contrast of the rock formation plays an important

role in understanding the gravity anomaly.
 CRUSTAL MAGNETIC
FIELD
 Crustal magnetic field is focus of exploration
 But magnetic field external to earth’s field have
great influence on measurements
 These external fields have to be removed durn
ig
data processing
 Diurnal field – predictable of the order of 60
nT/day at mid latitudes – due to interaction
between
earth’s field and solar wind
 Unpredictable variations due to magnetic storms
of about 200 nT
 Remaining filed originates from earth’s crust due
to magnetic minerals with in the crust
Introduction to Magnetic
Surveys
 Magnetic survey aims to map the distribution of magnetic mineral
in
the bed rock
 Rock magnetic properties originate from the opaque minerals, of
which most abundant is magnetite
 Rocks which have different cooling histories will also have different
magnetic properties even if they have same chemical
compositions
 Magnetic properties of rocks are determined by partitioning of iron
between the oxides of iron and titanium on one hand and Fe, Mg
silicates on the other
 Partitioning is controlled by oxygen fugacity and temperature more
than bulk chemistry
 Biotite plays an important role in determining the amount of
magnetite that can form during magmatic emplacement and
subsequent metamorphism
 FACTORS INFLUENCING MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES
 Total Iron content
 Oxidation state INFLUENCING EXOGENEOUS
CONDITIONS MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
 Initial crystallization INCREASING DECREASING
environment
 Degree of metamorphism 1 Mechanical Low
(High grade – high temp
magnetic ) deformation alteration
 Degree of silica 2 Repeated Extreme oxidation
saturation (deficient metamorphis
silica-more magnetite) m
3 High Granitization or
 Grain size of original temp metasomatism
sediment (Fine grained sed hydrous
rocks contain more iron)
alteration
 Major element chemistry
 UTILITY OF GRAVITY AND
MAGNETIC METHODS IN
CRUSTAL STUDIES
 Delineation of deep seated structures of upper
mantle and crust, their physical properties
 Gravity anomalies – estimation of crustal
thickness
 Curie point geotherm based on
magnetic data
– curie point of magnetite (570° C)-
temperature beyond which magnetization
of rocks can not exist
 Gravity anomalies – compensation of
surface load and rheological properties of
crust and lithosphere based on
isostasy – elastic thickness
 APPLICATION OF GRAVITY AND
MAGNETIC METHODS FOR PLATE
TECTONICS
 Reconstruction of continents and their movements
during different periods based on direction of
magnetization and seafloor spreading magnetic
anomalies
 Crustal structure and physical properties of rocks with
depth
 of continental scale features one
Identification other from gravity and
continent to magnetic
signatures
 Mantle dynamics based on satellite gravity
anomalies
 PLUME TECTONICS AND GM
METHODS
 Plumes are large bodies of gaseous and fluids
which rise from inside earth – responsible for
volcanic provinces (Deccan Trap, Rajmahal Trap..)
 Characterized by high density and suceptibility
 Delineation of plume affected areas ( Major
gravity high zones not co relatable with surface
geology)
 Assessment of physical properties like bulk density bulk
susceptibility – identification of rock types
GM METHODS – MINERAL EXPLORATION

 Reconnaissance methods for

identifying target areas for
exploration further
 Delineatio of host structure
n rocks,mineralization
the s and
controlling
identifying altered zones
hosting mineralization
 Direct detection of high/low density
mineralization, magnetic minerals
 GEOPHYSICAL
EXPLORATION
DIRECT
DETECTION
INDIRECT DETECTION
 Gold Mineralisation
 Massive sulphides  Mapping Favorable structures
 Density,  Diamonds – genetic
Suceptibility,conductivity association with Kimberlite
 Pb-Zn have high density clan of rocks
 It is possible to target zone  Geophysical surveys often
based on strong response provide structural frame
of associated non work
economic mineral (Cu rich
volcanic massive sulphide  Detection of alteration
deposit- Pyrrhotie) zones by radiometric
methods
 Barytes
 Iron Ore
 Chromite
 Interpretation Methodology
 Qualitative
 Classification of anomalies based on pattern as
closures, nosing, gradient zones, abrupt termination of
anomalies
 Correlation of anomalies with other sources of
information (Geology, Geochemistry, drilling)
 Integration of different data sets for meaningful
geological
and structural interpretation of maps

 Quantitative
 Regional - Residual separation by filtering, continuation
 Depth estimates of source of anomalies by Models,
Euler 3D solutions
 Interpretation
Methodology
 Identifying the gravity highs, lows and
nosings
 Constructing geometric skeleton based on
the trends of anomalies
 Defining the structural features such as off
sets, truncations fold axes and lineaments
from the geometric skeleton images and
contour plots
 Grouping areas based on lithological
associations and structural continuity
 Regional Gravity Map of India
Significance in Mineral
Exploration
AERO-MAGNETIC IMAGE OF PART OF INDIA

The image map depicts the disposition of different magnetic linears.

OBIVOUS GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES FOR MAPPING
 SOUTH INDIAN GRANULITE
TERRAIN
RADIALLY AVERAGED POWER SPECTRUM
10 10

BOUGUER GRAVITY IMAGE

SOUTH INDIAN GRANULITE

ln(Po wer)

ln(Po wer)
TERRAIN

13°00'
0 0
13°00'

75°00' 75° 30' 76° 00' 76° 30' 77° 00' 77°30' 78°00' 78°30' 79°00' 79°30' 80°00'
Bengaluru -65 -6 0

- 8
0

5
-7
- 8 0- 7 5
12°30'

12°00'
12°30'
Krishnagiri
0
0
- 1

0
-10 -10

9
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

-
-85
12°00'

Harur
0
- 88 5
- Mettur 50 DEPTH ESTIMATE
0 -- 323 5
9 5-9 -
11°30'

11°00'
11°30'
Attur
Satyamangalam

5
60 60

Depth(K_ unit)
Depth(K_ unit)
- 9

1 0
Ooty

5
0

-- 1
1 0 95

0
- - -8 0 40 40
Nilambur Mettupalayam -75
5 0
11°00'

- 1- 1 - 5
20 20

0
- 2
- 6 0

Coimbatore
-8 5 0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0
Palakkad T iruchirapalli
-

Dharappuram
5

Wavenumber(1/K_unit)
10°30'

10°30'
-4 0

5
9
-
Palani0

4 5
-9

5
5

-
9

Kodaikanal

- 2
Identification of Contact
-
10°00'

10°00'
Munnar
0
- 4- 5
- 2

-5
-0 0 5
-
3
3

- 8
4

1
5

Madurai
-

0
0

0
- - 7

0
5
6

zones for future

0

0
5
- 4 5
- 5 0
9°30'

9°30'
-8
5

4
-

5
-
-

-7
5

targets
9°00'

9°00'
75°00' 75°30' 76°00' 76°30' 77°00' 77°30' 78° 00' 78° 30' 79° 00' 79°30' 80°00'

Scale 1:4000000
50000 0 50000

(meters)
WG S 84 / UTM z one 42N
•Mapping the
singhbhum
belt under thecopper
cover
in the form of
discrete gravity high
zones
•Mapping of supracrustal belt similar to Betul beneath Deccan Volcanic Province, potential
zone for Mineralization Identification of favorable zone for Kimberlite field similar to Panna
Inferring Craton-Mobile belt contact beneath younger
sediments From Regional Gravity map of India
 75° 7 6° 77° 7 8° 85° 86° 87°
84°

25°
79° 83°

25°
80° 81° 82°

24°
24°
Asansol

23 °
23°

22°
22°

21°
21°
Bhubaneswar
Recently published Gravity map of India

20°
has clearly depicted the contact
20°

between Craton-Mobile belts all along

19°
19°

the east coast particularly beneath the

18 °
18°

Visakhapatnam
younger sedimentary cover.

17°
17°

Kakinada

16°
16 °

These contacts hold lot of importance in

15°
15°

terms of magmatic ore deposits.

14°
14°

Chennai

13°
13°

12°
12°

Puducherry

11°
11°

Tiruchhurapalli

10°
Madura
10°

i
9°

BOUGUER GRAVITY IMAGE OF EAST COAST, INDIA

9°
CRATON-MOBILE BELT CONTACT
8°

8°
75° 76° 77° 78° 79° 80° 81° 82° 83° 84° 85° 86° 87°
 SUCCESSFUL CONTRIBUTIONS
OF GEOPHYSICAL
MAPPING

1. GRAVITY ATLAS OF 2. PROJECT:CRUMANSONATA,

WESTERN INDIAN SHIELD. CENTRAL INDIA.

4. GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF
3. GM MAPPING OVER THE GONDWANA BASINS
GREENSTONE MAHARASHTRA & AP.
BELTS, DHARWAR
CRATON

5. PROJECT: RGMI-
GRAVITY MAP SERIES
OF INDIA-2006.
 National Geophysical
Mapping
 Measuring Gravity and Magnetic field variations;
1: 50,000 Scale
 Eliminating contribution of all other factors other than
Geology to these fields by applying suitable corrections-
ANOMALIES
 Converting the geophysical anomalies in to geological
and structural signatures
 Extrapolating and Interpolating the common signatures to
unseen/unknown areas
 Estimating the depth persistence of geological bodies
 Modelling the crustal architecture
 Identification of ore environment
 TARGET
S
Bundelkhand granite-gneissic complex
Deccan Volcanic Province
Himalayas
Dharwar Craton
Proterozoic basin
Nagaur-Ganganagar evaporate basn
i
Craton contacts
Regional to Semi Regional Gravity
Mapping
BOUGUER GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC (TMI) IMAGES OF SOUTH INDIAN SHIELD AREAS
Schist Belts of Dharwar
Craton
WESTERN DHARWAR CRATON:

• Bababudan – Shimoga Super belt

• Gadag – Chitradurga Super belt
• Sargur Gruoup belts

TRANSITION ZONE (WDC to EDC):

• Sandur Schist belt

EASTERN DHARWAR CRATON:

• Ramgiri-Penakacherla-Srigire-Hungund
Superbelt
• Kolar-Kadiri-Jonnagiri-Hutti Superbelt
• Veligallu-Raichur-Gadwal Superbelt

TRANSITION ZONE ( EDC to EGMB):

• Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt
Characters of Schist Belts of Dharwar
Craton
Characters WDC Transition Zone
WDC-EDC
EDC Transition Zone
EDC-EGMB
Nature Large with Narrow with Nellore- Khammam schist
volcanics and predominantly belt largest of EDC.
sediments
metavolcanics
Basement Peninsular Gneiss Peninsular Gneiss No exact Younger to Dharwar group,
basement- older to EGMB. 1.8 to 2.2 Ga
cover relation

Sequence QPC-BIF-Polymict Sediments in Pillowed basalts Western part predominantly

conglomerate in margins and and acid sedimentary. Eastern part
margins and volcanics in centre volcanics- volcanic. Progressive
volcanics in Pyroclastics-BIF increase from low to high
centre in middle with grade metamorphism.
BIF
Metamorphism Intermediate Characters of Low Pressure Medium pressure similar
pressure both WDC and to WDC
EDC
Enclaves Many older enclaves Limited Older Proterozoic Alkaline complexes
enclaves and Intrusive granites

Controls of BIF Hosted, Contact BIF Hosted Predominantly Hydrothermal –

mineralizatio Zones, Altered in Felsic Structurally controlled
n zones Volcanics
Compiled from Geology of India (M Ramakrishnan and R Vaidyanadhan 2008)
Gani-Kalva
Fault
Zone
Ground Gravity and Magnetic mapping for identification
Of favourable areas for emplacement of Kimberlitic rocks
INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF 57 E DEGREE
SHEET FAVOURBILITY INDEX MAP FOR GOLD
Geophysical mapping of extensioin of schist belt beneath
Cuddapah sediments in the form of gravity high zone
 F ig. 18

V I LL U P UR AM
B O U G U E R G R AV IT Y M A P
Combined Bouguer Gravity Map C A U V E R Y B A SIN, T N

Cauvery Sedimentary Basin, TN

PAN R U TI

CU DDA LOR E
11 . 7 5

ion
pr ess
De
A L A P PA K K A M

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VRI DDHA CHAL AM P ORTONOVO

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11 . 5

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S H A TA I T O R E

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CHIDAMBARAM

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11. 25 T I R U M U L A I VA S A L

A R I YA L U R TU LA R A N G U RI CH C H I

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S E N G I PA T T I

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Tir uv adanai
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9.75
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K att i k ul am
M ANA M ADURAI Suranam
Ta y a m a n g a l a m

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Puliy ang ulam Par t i banur Paramagudi Nay inar k ovi l Ti r uppal akk udi

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Pa ndi k k a nm a y

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9.25 H
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M J.V. R a m a R a o, N. V. S. Mur ty & B. Balakrish na, 2 00 6
M udu k u l at t u r
7 8.2 5 7 8. 5 78. 75 79
Geophysical Mapping of the Cauvery Sedimentary Basin
Architecture And inferring areas for Lignite Exploration
Gandikota
Region
• Geophysical survey
brought the Long
out anomaly
wavelength
depicting the deep seated
source beneath the
Closepet Granite.
• It also brings out the
subtle changes in anomaly
pattern that could be
related to close proximity
of the area favorable for
emplacement of KCRs .
Simplified geological map of
Chitradurga Schist depicting
the dispositionBelt
of metavolcanics and
intrusive granites. By virtue of their
contrast physical property with the
gneisses, these units can effectively
be mapped with geophysical
mapping. Most of the mineralization
in CSB is confined between the
central shear zone and the eastern
shear zone at the contact of CSB
and gneisses
Geophysical Mapping of Chitradurga Schist Belt
 BOUGUER GRAVITY ANOMALY IMAGE
CHITRADURGA SCHIST BELT, KARNATAKA

15°30'

15°30'
75°30' 75°45' 76°00' 76°15' 76°30'
76°45' 77°00'
GADAG
-65
Doni -68

15°15'

15°15'
-71
Kadkol Mundargi -73
•Bouguer gravity image depicts CSB in Belhatti
1 -75

15°00'

15°00'
Northern Sector -77

to three sectors; Magala

HirehadagaNlalindibevuru
-79
-81

•Northern sector with predominantly Harpanahalli -83

14°45'

14°45'
-85
Sokke
-87
gravity high zones, 2
Anabur -89

14°30'

14°30'
Jagalur -92
•Central sector with linear patches Bharmasagara
-95
-98

gravity
of highs and lows and G.R.Halli Challakere -103

14°15'

14°15'
CHITRADURGA
3 J.N.Kote BG
•Southern sector as linear gravity high Holalkere
mGal
1

14°00'

14°00'
zone. Sirankatte
Hiriyur
J.G.Halli
3
•Shaded image highlights the arms Hosdurga

13°45'

13°45'
Sira
Bukkapatna
CSB
of including an arm from Huliyar to Central Sector
4
Huliyar

13°30'

13°30'
Hosdurga. Eastern margin of CSB and Sasival

sheared contacts between the volcanics

Kibbanahalli

13°15'

13°15'
1: Eastern margin of schist belt
2. Boundary of Chitradurga granite C.S.Pura
and sedimentaries are visible. 3.
4.
Inferred shear zone
Inferred arm of schist belt

13°00'

13°00'
Yediy ur
•A NNW-SSE fracture controlling So u th ern Secto r
1
Nagamangala
disposition
the of arms of CSB is inferred.
12°45'

12°45'
Scale 1:2000000
•This map shows the trends of gravity 25000 0 25000
12°30'

12°30'
MANDYA

high and gravity low axes

(meters)
WGS 84 / UTM z one Srirangapatna
43N

MYSORE
12°15'

12°15'
75°30' 75°45' 76°00' 76°15' 76°30' 76° 45' 77°00'
Bagewadi Sector,
Gadag
•Integrated analysis of gravity anomalies
superposed on to radiometric total count image
brought out two possible zones as target zones for
possible mineralization as known signatures of
Kadkol area are seen in this area.
•
•Bagewadi sector is characterized by gravity low
zone and moderate radiometric values flanked by
gravity highs and radiometric lows.

•Particularly the contacts of meta-volcanics and

meta- sedimentaries hold promise for
mineralization
Turuvanur Sector,
Chitdradurga

•This area is well known for

mineralization in G R Halli area where
central shear zone passes through.

•Two parallel shear zones are identified

characterized by gravity lows and
moderate radiometric
values,
could which
be important as target zones for
mineralization.
Mineral Map of India
 Delhi

CRATONS:
1. BASTAR
Rajasthan- 2. DHARWAR
Bundelkhand 3. ARAVALLI
Craton
Chotanagpur
4. BUNDELKHAND
Granite-Gneiss 5. SINGHBHUM
Complex 6. MEGHALAYA
7. CHOTANAGPUR

Kolkata MOBILE BELTS:

Bastar 1. PANDYA
Craton N
Mumbai
2. EGMB
3. SATPURA
RIFTZONES:
1. GODAVARI
2. MAHANADI
W.
Dharwar
Craton FOLD BELTS
Chennai
1 MAHAKOSHAL
PC-SZ 2. SATPURA
3 SINGHBHUM:
4 SAKOLI
SGT
5 DONGRIGARH

R.S.Sharma, 2009
 Appropriate survey methods for each application
Application Appropriate survey methods
Exploration for fossil fuels (Oil, gas, coal) G, S, G, M, MT
Exploration for metalliferous mineral M, EM, E, SP, IP, R
depos its
Exploration for bulk mineral deposit S, (E), G
(sand, barite and gravel)
Exploration for underground water E, S, (Rd)
resourc es
Engineering construction site investigation E, S, Rd, (M)
Archaeological Investigation Rd, E, EM, M, (S)
G-Gravity: M-Magnetic: S-Speoistmenicit:aEl-:Electrical Resistivity:
SP-Self-
IP-Induced Polarization: EM-Electromagnetic: R-
Radiometric: Rd-Ground penetrating
radar:
Subsidiary methods in brackets
 G4 stage G3 stage
(R ance ( y G2 stage
Commodity Parameters Technique econnaiss Preliminar (General
Survey) Exploration) Exploration)
Method 1-0.5 km Along traverses
Gravity 1-2 km orGPM at 50-20 m
Spacing data can be grid station
used interval
Chromite Method 1-0.5 km Along traverses
Magnetic 1-2 km orGPM at 50-20 m
Spacing data can be grid station
used interval
Method 1-0.5 km Along traverses
Gravity 1-2 km or GPM at 50-20 m
Spacing data can be grid station
used interval
Manganese Method 01-0.5 km Along traverses
Magnetic 1-2 km or GPM at 50-20 m
Spacing data can be grid station
used interval
Method 200m -500m
Spacing Gravity 1-2 km grid --
Method 200m -500m
Basemetals Spacing Magnetic 1-2 km grid --
Method Electrical Profiles as per objective
Spacing
Method Seismic Profiles as per objective
Method 50m – 100m
200m-1 km traverse
Iron Ore Magnetic 1-2 km grid, interval, 10-
Spacing grid, Semi 20m
Regional Regional station
interval
Method Traversing, 50
Semi m to 100m
regional, traverse
REE& RM Spacing Gravity 200m-1 interval, 10-20
-- km grid. m station
interval.
 Traversing, Traversing, Traversing, 50
200m – 400m 100 m – 200 m – 100 m
Method IP/ traverse interval, m traverse traverse
Resistiv interval, 10- interval, 10-20
ity 10-20m 20m m
station station station
interval interval interval
Gold/ PGE &
Ni/ Base
metals
Traversing, 200 Traversing, Traversing, 50
m – 400m 100 m – 200 m – 100 m
traverse interval, m traverse traverse
Magnetic interval, 10- interval, 10-
Spacing 10-20m 20m 20m
station station station
interval interval interval
Method 3 Traversing, Traversing,
Traversing, 200m 100 m – 50m – 100m
– 400m traverse 200m traverse
SP traverse interval, 10-
Spacing - interval, 10-20m interval, 10-
station interval 20 20m
station station
interval interval.

Method Traversing, Traversing,

Traversing, 200m 100m – 50m – 100m
– 400m traverse 200m traverse
SP traverse interval, 10-
Spacing interval, 10- interval, 10- 20m station
20m station 20m station
interval interval interval
Method Traversing, Traversing,
Traversing, 200m 100m – 50m – 100m
– 400m traverse 200m traverse
Graphite Magnetic traverse interval, 10-
Spacing interval, 10-20m interval, 10-