Computer Application In Management

STID 1103

Chapter 9
Emerging Technology Revolution
What is Emerging Technology
• Is a new technologies that will substantially alter the business and social environment.

• These include:
• information technology
• educational technology
• wireless data communication
• man-to-machine communication
• on-demand printing
• biotechnologies
• advanced robotics
• artificial intelligence

• All of these are currently improving or developing, or will be developed within the next five
to ten years
What is IR4.0

• Definition

• Industry 4.0 refers to a further development stage in the

organisation and management of entire value chain process
involved in manufacturing industry.

• Also known as “Fourth Industrial Revolution”

• The concept is widely used in Germany’s manufacturing sector.

 Cyber-
Physical
Electronic & System
Water and
Electrical IT System
Steam
Energy
Power

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12622726/
The History Behind Industry 4.0 Source : https://cleverism.com/industry-4-0/

The First Industrial Revolution

• The industrial revolution in Britain came in to introduce machines into
production by the end of the 18th century (1760-1840).

• This included going from manual production to the use of steam-

powered engines and water as a source of power.

• This helped agriculture greatly and the term “factory” became a little
popular.

• One of the industries that benefited a lot from such changes is the
textile industry, and was the first to adopt such methods.
• It also constituted a huge part of the British economy at the time.
The Second Industrial Revolution
• Started between 1870 and 1914.

• Used electric power to create mass production

• Introduced pre-existing systems such as telegraphs and railroads into

industries.

• The mass production of steel helped introduce railways into the system,
which consequently contributed to mass production.

• Innovations in chemistry, such as the invention of the synthetic dye, also

mark such period as chemistry was in a rather primitive state then.

• Mass production, of course, was not put to an end, but only developments
within the same context were made and none of which can be called
industrial revolutions.
The Third Industrial Revolution
•The third industrial revolution is dated between 1950 and 1970

•Used of internet for automated production

•This more familiar to us as most people living today are familiar with industries
leaning on digital technologies in production.

•It is often referred to as the Digital Revolution, and came about the change from
analog and mechanical systems to digital ones.

•Others call it the Information Age.

•The third revolution was, and still is, a direct result of the huge development in
computers and information and communication technology
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0)

• Industry 4.0 first publicly introduced in 2011 as “Industrie 4.0”

• Industry 4.0 term often used to refer to the developmental process in the management of
manufacturing and chain production and known as “The Fourth Industrial Revolution-
IR4.0”.
• IR4.0 takes the automation of manufacturing processes to a new level by introducing
customized and flexible mass production technologies.
• This means that machines operate independently or cooperate with humans in creating a
customer-oriented production field that constantly works on maintaining itself.
• The machine become an independent entity that is able to collect data, analyze it, and
advise upon it.
• This becomes possible by introducing self-optimization, self-cognition, and self-
customization into the industry.
• The manufacturers will be able to communicate with computers rather than operate them.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKPrJJSv94M&t=195s
How machines communicate?
• The rapid changes in the information and communication technologies (ICT)
have broken the boundaries between virtual reality and the real world.
• The idea behind Industry 4.0 is to create a social network where machines
can communicate
• with each other, called the Internet of Things (IoT)
• with people, called the Internet of People (IoP).
• This way, machines can communicate with each other and with the
manufacturers to create what we now call a cyber-physical production
system (CPPS).
• All of this helps industries integrate the real world into a virtual one and
enable machines to collect live data, analyze them, and even make decisions
based upon them.
https://www.cleverism.com/industry-4-0/
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
• is the combination of the virtual digital world with a real physical world.

• its offers real-time data collection, analysis, and transparency across every aspect of a
manufacturing operation.

• This means that computers and networks are able to monitor the physical process of
manufacturing at a certain process.

• CPS are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive

connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing
and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on
the internet (Monostori L. (2018).
Cyber-Physical Systems. In: The International Academy for Production )
Road to IR 4.0
• 2.1 Internet of Things (IoT) & Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) &
Internet of Services
• 2.2 Smart Manufacturing
• 2.3 Smart Devices and Products
• 2.4 Smart Logistics
• 2.5 Smart Cities
• 2.6 Smart Home
• 2.6 Predictive Analytics - click here
• analyze current data to make predictions about future
Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Data and
Services (IoDS)
• IoT is a network of physical objects (vehicles, machines, home
appliances etc.) that use sensors and APIs to connect and
exchange data over the Internet.
• This capability makes it possible to automate applications and
perform tasks without the need for manual human intervention.
• To communicate over the Internet and perform automated tasks,
devices need to be equipped with the requisite electronics and assigned
a unique identity in the form of a network address. Devices with more
sophisticated capabilities are commonly described as “smart.”
• The connected devices also provide an interface that allows users to
operate and control them across the Internet from any geographic
location.
What is Internet of Things

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlhmzVL5bm8
How IoT Works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSIPNhOiMoE
The Need of IoT
With the IoT, the devices can
• Interact
• Collaborate
Before IoT
• Share Experiences
After IoT

And

• Reducing human
People need to run from one Machine will do everything intervention in a machine
machine to another cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AQMMx4OkjM
Applications of IoT
Internet of Services (IoS)
• Under the Internet of Services (IoS) everything that is needed to use
software applications is available as a service on the Internet, including
• the software itself,
• the tools to develop the software,
• and the platform (servers, storage and communication) to run the
software.
• The Internet of Services aims at creating a wrapper that simplifies all
connected devices to make the most out of them by simplifying the
process.
• It is the customer’s gateway to the manufacturer.
Innovation driver from IoT and Internet of Data
and Services (IoDS)
Smart Factory
• Smart Factory is the vision of a production environment in which production
facilities and logistics systems are organised without human intervention.

• The factory operates autonomously and can run diagnostics required to

identify and repair any malfunctions, without having to halt the entire
production line.

• It base on cyber-physical systems that communicate with each other using the
Internet of Things and Services.

• Smart factories use industrial internet and the cloud to connect the real and
virtual worlds, resulting in seamless integration of cyber physical systems at all
levels, allowing the whole production process to be monitored.
Example of Smart Factory

It means machines
using self-
optimisation, self-
configuration and
even artificial
intelligence to
complete complex
tasks in order to
deliver vastly
superior cost
efficiencies and
better quality goods
or services.
The Nine Pillars of Industry 4.0

Source : http://www.mpc.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/The-Race-Towards-Industry-4.0.pdf
• Big Data and Analytics
• Companies collect data to improve their operational processes.
• Big Data and Analytics is the collection of data comprising equipment and systems
and customer managements system help assist companies to identify trends,
patterns and relationships between inputs, processes and outputs, enabling real-
time decision making.
• Autonomous Robots
• Industry 4.0 will see the further rise of autonomous system namely robotics working
side by side with humans (Collaborative Robot – COBOT) but with a greater range of
capabilities all helping to contribute to a company’s competitiveness, productivity
and profitability.
• Simulation
• Vast range of industries are applying simulation into their operational processes,
enabling operators to test and optimise machines and systems. This is especially
relevant for those working within a dangerous physical environment because it
allows them to test the processes before they embark into the real situation. This
would help in avoiding and improving machine downtime as well as increasing
overall product and work quality.
• Horizontal and Vertical System Integration
• Through this technology; companies, departments, functions and capabilities are
linked together allowing seamless communication, coordination and exchange of
data across the business as a whole.
• The Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT)
• Enables objects and machines such as mobile phones and sensors to
“communicate” with each other as well as human beings to work out solutions
• This technology connects the Internet to everyday items, tasks, equipment and
components enabling real-time responses.
• Saving businesses valuable resource such as time and money, this also help in
reducing production time as well as aid risk management.
• Cybersecurity
• Sophisticated and reliable security management system is essential to safeguard
systems against cyber-attacks, networking to support the systems’ distributed
operations, game techniques to advance their user interaction and visualisation, as
well as software engineering and AI to build autonomic capability into the systems
for intelligent operations.
• The Cloud
• Cloud Computing involves a network of remote servers to store, manage and
process data which helps especially in production-related sharing across sites
and company boundaries. This is advantageous for businesses as it permits the
company to bring forward their savviness in all sales situations.
• Additive Manufacturing
• Additive manufacturing such as 3D design printing is highly useful especially in
the making of prototype and production of individual components. This
technology enables manufacturers to focus on producing small batches of
customised products which offer construction advantages such as complex,
lightweight designs.
• Augmented Reality
• Made popular via the gaming community such as Pokemon Go, augmented
reality allows augmented imagery to be placed in front of the real-world. This
presents businesses the opportunities to showcase their products to the market
without having to bear the expense of creating a physical copy.
 Benefits of IR 4.0
• Improved Productivity and Output
• Industry 4.0 technologies enable you to produce higher quality, higher margin, and/or more innovative
products
• Optimization
• hundreds or even thousands of Smart Devices that are able to self-optimize production will lead
to an almost zero down time in production.
• Customization
• Creating a flexible market that is customer-oriented will help meet the population’s needs fast
and smoothly.
• Pushing Research
• The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies will push research in various fields such as IT
security and will have its effect on the education in particular. A new industry will require a new
set of skills. Consequently, education and training will take a new shape that provides such an
industry will the required skilled labor.
• Enhanced Customization for Flexible Manufacturing
• Improved Working Safety and Output
• Access to Data Across to Supply Chain
Challenges in Industry 4.0
• Security
• This online integration will give room to security breaches and data leaks.
• Cyber theft must also be put into consideration
• Capital
• Such transformation will require a huge investment in a new technology.
• The risks must be calculated and taken seriously
• Employment
• Workers will need to acquire different or an all-new set of skills
• Privacy
• In such an interconnected industry, producers need to collect and analyze
data. To the customer, this might look like a threat to his privacy.
• Small or large companies who haven’t shared their data in the past will have
to work their way to a more transparent environment.
Source : https://www.cleverism.com/industry-4-0/
Summary
Reading material

1. https://
www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/manufac
turing/ch-en-manufacturing-industry-4-0-24102014.pdf

2. https://cleverism.com/industry-4-0/

3. https://slideplayer.com/slide/12622726/