Struktur Kristal Dan Sifat-Sifat
Struktur Kristal Dan Sifat-Sifat
Struktur Kristal Dan Sifat-Sifat
PROPERTIES
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do atoms assemble into solid structures?
(for now, focus on metals)
Chapter 3- 1
ENERGY AND PACKING
• Non dense, random packing Energy
typical neighbor
bond length
typical neighbor r
bond energy
typical neighbor
bond length
typical neighbor r
bond energy
Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.18(b),
Callister 6e.
Chapter 3- 3
METALLIC CRYSTALS
• tend to be densely packed.
• have several reasons for dense packing:
-Typically, only one element is present, so all atomic
radii are the same.
-Metallic bonding is not directional.
-Nearest neighbor distances tend to be small in
order to lower bond energy.
Chapter 3- 4
SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)
• Rare due to poor packing (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.
• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
• Coordination # = 8
• Coordination # = 12
A
• FCC Unit Cell B
C
Chapter 3- 11
HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED
STRUCTURE (HCP)
• ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection
• Coordination # = 12
• APF = 0.74
Chapter 3- 12
STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS: NaCl
• Compounds: Often have similar close-packed structures.
• Structure of NaCl • Close-packed directions
--along cube edges.
nA
Volume/unit cell Vc N A Avogadro's number
(cm 3 /unit cell) (6.023 x 10 23 atoms/mol)
Example: Copper
Data from Table inside front cover of Callister (see next slide):
• crystal structure = FCC: 4 atoms/unit cell
• atomic weight = 63.55 g/mol (1 amu = 1 g/mol)
• atomic radius R = 0.128 nm (1 nm = 10 cm) -7
Vc = a 3 ; For FCC, a = 4R/ 2 ; Vc = 4.75 x 10 -23 cm 3
Result: theoretical Cu = 8.89 g/cm 3
Compare to actual: Cu = 8.94 g/cm 3
Chapter 3- 14
Characteristics of Selected Elements at 20C
At. Weight Density Crystal Atomic radius
Element Symbol (amu) (g/cm 3 ) Structure (nm)
Aluminum Al 26.98 2.71 FCC 0.143
Argon Ar 39.95 ------ ------ ------
Barium Ba 137.33 3.5 BCC 0.217
Beryllium Be 9.012 1.85 HCP 0.114
Boron B 10.81 2.34 Rhomb ------ Adapted from
Table, "Charac-
Bromine Br 79.90 ------ ------ ------ teristics of
Cadmium Cd 112.41 8.65 HCP 0.149 Selected
Elements",
Calcium Ca 40.08 1.55 FCC 0.197 inside front
Carbon C 12.011 2.25 Hex 0.071 cover,
Callister 6e.
Cesium Cs 132.91 1.87 BCC 0.265
Chlorine Cl 35.45 ------ ------ ------
Chromium Cr 52.00 7.19 BCC 0.125
Cobalt Co 58.93 8.9 HCP 0.125
Copper Cu 63.55 8.94 FCC 0.128
Flourine F 19.00 ------ ------ ------
Gallium Ga 69.72 5.90 Ortho. 0.122
Germanium Ge 72.59 5.32 Dia. cubic 0.122
Gold Au 196.97 19.32 FCC 0.144
Helium He 4.003 ------ ------ ------
Hydrogen H 1.008 ------ ------ ------ Chapter 3- 15
DENSITIES OF MATERIAL CLASSES
Graphite/
metals ceramic s polymer s Metals/
Alloys
Ceramics/ Polymers
Composites/
fibers
Semicond
30
Why? Based on data in Table B1, Callister
Platinum
Metals have... 20 Gold, W
Tantalum
*GFRE, CFRE, & AFRE are Glass,
Carbon, & Aramid Fiber-Reinforced
• close-packing Epoxy composites (values based on
60% volume fraction of aligned fibers
(metallic bonding) 10 Silver, Mo
Cu,Ni
in an epoxy matrix).
Steels
• large atomic mass
(g/cm 3 )
Tin, Zinc
Zirconia
Ceramics have... 5
Titanium
4 Al oxide
• less dense packing Diamond
Si nitride
3
(covalent bonding) Aluminum Glass -soda
Concrete
Glass fibers
Silicon PTFE
• often lighter elements 2 Magnesium G raphite
GFRE*
Carbon fibers
Silicone CFRE *
Polymers have... PVC
PET
Aramid fibers
AFRE *
• poor packing 1 PC
HDPE, PS
PP, LDPE
(often amorphous)
• lighter elements (C,H,O) 0.5 Wood
Composites have... 0.4
0.3
• intermediate values Data from Table B1, Callister 6e.
Chapter 3- 16
CRYSTALS AS BUILDING BLOCKS
• Some engineering applications require single crystals:
--diamond single --turbine blades
crystals for abrasives Fig. 8.30(c), Callister 6e.
(Fig. 8.30(c) courtesy
(Courtesy Martin Deakins, of Pratt and Whitney).
GE Superabrasives,
Worthington, OH. Used with
permission.)
Chapter 3- 17
POLYCRYSTALS
• Most engineering materials are polycrystals.
1 mm
anisotropic.
Chapter 3- 19
X-RAYS TO CONFIRM CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
• Incoming X-rays diffract from crystal planes.
de
te c
to
”
r
“1
i n ra y
s
co s
X-
y reflections must
r- a
m
be in phase to
in
”
X
“2
g
detect signal
“1
g
”
extra
oi
n
“2
distance tg Adapted from Fig. 3.2W,
u
”
travelled o Callister 6e.
by wave “2” spacing
d between
planes
Chapter 3- 21
DEMO: HEATING AND
COOLING OF AN IRON WIRE
The same atoms can have
• Demonstrates "polymorphism" more than one crystal
structure.
Temperature, C
Liquid
1536
BCC Stable
1391
longer
heat up
FCC Stable
shorter!
914 longer!
BCC Stable
cool down
Tc 768 magnet falls off
shorter
Chapter 3- 22
SUMMARY
Chapter 3- 23
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 3- 0