Typology of Learners with Special Needs

“ Know the Types and Know Your Rights ”

 ENERGIZER

MACAPILLAR
GUESS WHO??
Millie Bobby
Brown
GUESS WHO??
Daniel Jacob
Radcliffe
GUESS WHO??
Johnny
Depp
GUESS WHO??
Albert Einstein
GUESS WHO??
Regine Velasquez -
Alcasid
Learning Objectives: At the end of the topic the learner will be able
to:
• LO 1 Distinguish the different types, identifications, etiologies,
causes, characteristics of learners who have special needs;
• LO 2 Explain the salient meaning of learners with learning, physical and intellectual disabilities;

• LO 3 Demonstrate knowledge of teaching strategies that are inclusive of learners with special needs
 INTRODUCTION
"Beware Stereotypes"

MACAPILLAR
 A. Learners with
Intellectual Disability

SONGSON
 FOOD FOR THOUGHT:

SONGSON
 Learners with Intellectual Disability
• The term 'intellectual disability' refers to a group of conditions caused by
various genetic disorders and infections. Intellectual disability is usually
identified during childhood, and has an ongoing impact on an individual’s
development.
• An intellectual disability is a significant limitation in a student’s cognitive
functioning and daily adaptive behaviors (Schalock & Luckasson, 2004;
American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002) development.

• Formerly labeled “mental retardation,”

SONGSON
 Characteristics:
1. Mild range with an IQ of 50 to 70.
2. Limitations in intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive behavior

3. Delays in cognitive, social, and adaptive behavior skills within

typical classroom settings

There are four levels of ID:

◦Mild intellectual disability

◦Moderate intellectual disability

◦Severe intellectual disability

◦Profound intellectual disability

SONGSON
 Identifications
• failure to meet intellectual milestones
• sitting, crawling, or walking later than other children
• problems learning to talk or trouble speaking clearly
• memory problems
• inability to understand the consequences of actions
• inability to think logically
• childish behavior inconsistent with the child’s age
• lack of curiosity
• learning difficulties
• IQ below 70
SONGSON
 Levels of intellectual disability
Mild intellectual
disability
◦ taking longer to learn to talk, but communicating well once they know how
◦ being fully independent in self-care when they get older
◦ having problems with reading and writing
◦ social immaturity
◦ increased difficulty with the responsibilities of marriage or parenting
◦ benefiting from specialized education plans
◦ having an IQ range of 50 to 69

ENPICTANA
 Levels of intellectual disability
Moderate intellectual
disability
◦ are slow in understanding and using language
◦ may have some difficulties with communication
◦ can learn basic reading, writing, and counting skills
◦ are generally unable to live alone
◦ can often get around on their own to familiar places
◦ can take part in various types of social activities
◦ generally having an IQ range of 35 to 49

ENPICTANA
 Levels of intellectual disability
Severe intellectual
disability
Symptoms of severe ID include:

◦ noticeable motor impairment

◦ severe damage to, or abnormal development of, their central nervous system

◦ generally having an IQ range of 20 to 34

ENPICTANA
 Levels of intellectual disability
Profound intellectual
disability
◦ inability to understand or comply with requests or instructions
◦ possible immobility
◦ incontinence
◦ very basic nonverbal communication
◦ inability to care for their own needs independently
◦ the need of constant help and supervision
◦ having an IQ of less than 20

ENPICTANA
 Cerebral palsy

Cere b ra l p a ls y ( C P) is a g ro u p
of disorders that affect a
person ’s a b il it y to m o v e a n d
p o s tu re . Cerebral means having
maintain b a la n c e a nd
to do with the brain.
CP is th e m o s t c o m m o n m o to r
Palsy means weakness
disability in childhood. or problems with using
the muscles.

SUDE
 Four main types of Cerebral
Palsy:
• Spastic Cerebral Palsy
- stiff muscles
• Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
- uncontrollable movements
• Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
- poor balance and coordination
• Mixed Cerebral Palsy
- mixed CP is spastic-dyskinetic CP

SUDE
 Causes and Risk Factors
•CP is caused by abnormal development of the brain or damage to the
developing brain that affects a child’s ability to control his or her muscles.
•The brain damage that leads to CP can happen before birth, during birth, within a month after birth, or during the first years of a child’s life,

•CP related to brain damage that occurred before or during birth is called
congenital CP. The majority of CP (85%–90%) is congenital.
•This is called acquired CP, and usually is associated with an infection (such
as meningitis) or head injury.

SUDE
 (Three) 3 early signs of cerebral palsy:
• Developmental delays - The child is slow to reach milestones such
as rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking. Developmental
delays are the main clues that a child might have cerebral palsy.
• Abnormal muscle tone - Body parts are floppy or too stiff.
• Abnormal posture - The child might also use one side of the body
more than the other when reaching, crawling, or moving.

SUDE
 How to Make Classrooms more Inclusive for
Students with Cerebral Palsy

Change up
Use Assigned
Instructional
Seating
methods

SUD
 How to Make Classrooms more Inclusive for
Students with Cerebral Palsy

Provide No Tolerance
choice bullying
Collaborate
with Teachers
& Parents

SUDE
 Trisomy 21 (Downsyndrome)
•A medical term for having an extra copy of a
chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also
referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes
how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can
cause both mental and physical challenges for the
baby.
• Most babies inherit 23 chromosomes from each parents, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

• The disorder was first identified in 1866 by John Langdon Down, a British physician.

BARANDINO
 Certain medical problems and may
develop: • Congenital heart
• Epilepsy disease
• Hearing loss • Gastrointestinal
• Speech apraxia abnormalities
(difficulty making • Musculoskeletal and
speech sounds) movement problems
• Sleep disorders • Spine disorders such
• Feeding disorders as scoliosis, kyphosis
• Developmental or lordosis
disabilities • Endocrinologic
disorders
BARANDINO
 Sign and
Symptoms •
•
Distinctive facial features
Mild to moderate intellectual disabilities
• Heart, kidney and thyroid issues
• Numerous respiratory infections, from colds to
bronchitis and pneumonia
• Skeletal abnormalities, including spine, hip,
foot and hand disorders
• Flexible joints and weak, floppy muscles
• Overly quiet baby
• Less responsive to stimuli
• Vision and hearing impairment
• Inwardly curved little finger
• Wide space between the great and second toe
• Single, deep crease on the soles of the feet and
NDINO one or both hands

BARANDINO
 Strategies in teaching
students with Trisonomy 21
• In your language (both written and oral), put the
person before the disability.
• Acknowledge how words can create barriers
• Always speak directly to the student, using clear,
receptive, language and short sentences.
• Place a strong emphasis on visual learning when
teaching reading to students with Down Syndrome.
• Believe in your student's abilities
BARANDINO
 Brina Maxino

BARANDINO
 HOW FAR HAVE
WE GONE?

MACAPILLAR
Direction: Choose and raise your hand if you know the correct answe

Q.1) It's the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and

cause of
learning disabilities in children.
a. Down b. Cerebral
Syndrome Palsy

c. Depression d. Autism
MACAPILLAR
 Q.2) People with cerebral palsy can have problems swallowing
and commonly have eye muscle imbalance, in which the eyes
show

a. no focus b. blindness

c. poor d.
vision responsive

MACAPILLAR
 B. Learners with Learning
Disability

MALICSI
 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

MALICSI
 Learners with Learning Disability
• A learning disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning
disability results from a difference in the way a person's brain is "wired." Children with learning disabilities are smart or smarter than their peers.

• Learning disabilities that affect an individual’s understanding of what they read or of spoken language. The ability to express one’s self with oral language may also be impacted.

• A learning disability can't be cured or fixed;

• however, children with learning disabilities can succeed in school and go on to successful, often distinguished careers later in life.

MALICSI
 TRIVIA

"Not all great minds think alike."

MALICSI
 Facts about learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities often Attention disorders, such as

run in families. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) and learning
disabilities
Learning disabilities should not
be confused with other disabilities
such as autism, intellectual
disability, deafness, blindness,
and behavioral disorders.

MALICSI
 Common Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia – a language-based disability

in which a person has trouble
understanding written words. It may
also be referred to as reading disability
or reading disorder.

YBAÑEZ
 Main causes of Dyslexia
• Dyslexia tends to run in families. It appears to be linked to
certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and
language, as well as risk factors in the environment.
Dyslexia risk factors include:
• A family history of dyslexia or other learning disabilities
• Premature birth or low birth weight
• Exposure during pregnancy to nicotine, drugs, alcohol or infection
that may alter brain development in the fetus
• Individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading
YBAÑEZ
 Strategies
_ on how to teach students with
Dyslexia
• Avoid obsessing with spelling and grammar
(SPAG) corrections
• Provide lesson recordings
• Allow extra time
• Give clear instructions
• Provide alternatives

YBAÑEZ
 Common Learning Disabilities

Dyscalculia – a mathematical
disability in which a person
has a difficult time solving
arithmetic problems and
grasping math concepts.

YBAÑEZ
 What causes dyscalculia?
The exact causes for dyscalculia cannot be pointed and differ from person to
person. However, following is a list of potential causes.

• GENETICS
• BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENT
• BRAIN
YBAÑEZ INJURY
Teacher & Classroom Accommondations for Dyscalculia

• Use graph paper to help line up numbers and problems

• Give the students a list of the math formulas taught in the class
• Use like coins, blocks, and puzzle to teach math ideas
• Use attention phrases like "This is important to know because......."
• Use concrete examples that connect math to real life
• Check in frequently to make sure the student understands the work/lesson
• Use graphic organize oinformation or help breakdown math problems into
steps.
YBAÑEZ
 Common Learning Disabilities

Dysgraphia – a writing disability in

which a person finds it hard to form
letters or write within a defined
space.

YBAÑEZ
 The cause of Dysgraphia

The disorder is unknown, but in adults, it is usually

associated with damage to the parietal lobe of the brain.
Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder characterized by
writing disabilities. Specifically, the disorder causes a
person's writing to be distorted or incorrect.

YBAÑEZ
 How teaher can handle a students with Dysgraphia

• Raised line papers

• Speech text software
• Allow audio recorder
• Brainstorm writing ideas
• Profread with students

YBAÑEZ
 HOW FAR HAVE
WE GONE?

MACAPILLAR
Direction: Raise your hand if you know the correct answer.

Q.1) It's a language-based disability in which a person has trouble

understanding written words. It may also be referred to as reading
disability

a. Dyslexia b. Dyscalculia

c. d. Auditory
Dysgraphia Disorder
MACAPILLAR
Q.1) It's a writing disability in which a person finds it hard to form
letters or write within a defined space

a. Dyslexia b. Dyscalculia

c. d. Auditory
Dysgraphia Disorder

MACAPILLAR
 C. Learners
with
Physical
Disabilities
ROQUE
 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

ROQUE
 Learners with Physical Disabilities

A physical disability is a physical condition that

affects a person's mobility, physical capacity,
stamina, or dexterity.

ROQUE
 Visual impairment
Visual impairment, also known
as vision impairment or vision
loss, is a decreased ability to
see to a degree that causes
problems not fixable by usual
means, such as glasses.
Some also include those who have a decreased ability
to see because they do not have access to glasses or
contact lenses.
SAMONTE
Common Causes of Visual Impairment

- glaucoma
- retinopathy of prematurity
- cataracts - retinal detachment
- diabetic retinopathy
- cortical visual impairment
- infection
- trauma.
SAMONTE
 Strategies for teachers

1. Encourage the student to use visual aids

2. Make sure lighting is suitable

3. eliminate the risk of glare from the desk and

whiteboard

SAMONTE
 Hearing Impairment

Hearing impairment, or
hearing loss, occurs when you
lose part or all of your ability
to hear.Other terms that are
used to refer to hearing
impairment are deaf and hard
of hearing.
SAMONTE
 Common Causes of Hearing
Impairment
- viral or bacterial infection
- physical damage to the ear
- head trauma
- circulatory system disorders
- genetic or inherited disorders

SAMONTE
 Strategies for teachers

1. seat themselves toward the front of the lecture

2. Use assistive listening devices

3. Ensure that any background noise is minimised.

SAMONTE
 Speech Impairment

- is a condition in which the ability to

produce speech sounds that are necessary to
communicate with others is impaired. Speech
impairments can be mild, such as
occasionally mispronouncing a couple of
words, to severe, such as not being able to

SAMONTE produce speech sounds at all.

 Common Causes of Speech Impairment

- hearing loss,
- neurological disorders
- brain injury
- intellectual disabilities
- drug abuse,
- physical impairments such as cleft lip or
palate, and vocal abuse ormisuse.

SAMONTE
 Strategies for teachers

1. Reduce unnecessary classroom noise as much as

possible

2. Provide verbal clues often

3.Speak clearly and deliberately

SAMONTE
 Multiple Impairment
Multiple disabilities means a student has
more than one serious disability which may
affect mobility, behavior, emotion or
sensory abilities. Some characteristic
challenges of individuals with severe
multiple impairment are: Limited
communication or speech impairment.
Problems with physical mobility.
CABO
 Common Causes of Multiple
Impairment
- traumatic brain injury
(TBI),
- genetic disorder
- chromosomal abnormality
- premature birth
-
CABOdevelopmental delay
 Strategies for teachers

1. Believe in the student‘s ability to learn something new they can

do it

2. Give plenty of wait time when looking for a student response

3. Work with the Speech & Language Therapist to determine what

type of communicator the student is.
CABO
 HOW FAR HAVE
WE GONE?

MACAPILLAR
Direction: Choose and raise your hand if you know the correct answe

Q1) This is defined as a combination of severe educational

problems that cannot be accommodated in special education
programs.

a. Auditory impairments c. visual impairments

b. speech impairments d. multiple impairments
MACAPILLAR
Q.2) Some common causes of visual impairments are the following,
EXCEPT

a. Glaucoma c. cataracts

b. Retinal tachments d. sensorineural

MACAPILLAR
 CONCLUSION

MACAPILLAR
SALAMAT
P0