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    Chapter 27 Models of The Atom

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    Alicia Williams
    The document summarizes the early models of the atom. It discusses Demokritos' idea that all things are made of indivisible particles called atoms. Later, scientists discovered atoms are made of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The document then outlines several experiments and models that helped scientists understand the structure of the atom, including Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing a small, dense nucleus, and Bohr's model of electrons orbiting in shells.

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    Chapter 27 Models of The Atom

    Uploaded by

    Alicia Williams
    8 views11 pages
    The document summarizes the early models of the atom. It discusses Demokritos' idea that all things are made of indivisible particles called atoms. Later, scientists discovered atoms are made of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The document then outlines several experiments and models that helped scientists understand the structure of the atom, including Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing a small, dense nucleus, and Bohr's model of electrons orbiting in shells.

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    Chapter 27 Models of the Atom

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    The document summarizes the early models of the atom. It discusses Demokritos' idea that all things are made of indivisible particles called atoms. Later, scientists discovered atoms are made of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The document then outlines several experiments and models that helped scientists understand the structure of the atom, including Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing a small, dense nucleus, and Bohr's model of electrons orbiting in shells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8 views11 pages

    Chapter 27 Models of The Atom

    Uploaded by

    Alicia Williams
    The document summarizes the early models of the atom. It discusses Demokritos' idea that all things are made of indivisible particles called atoms. Later, scientists discovered atoms are made of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The document then outlines several experiments and models that helped scientists understand the structure of the atom, including Thomson's discovery of electrons, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing a small, dense nucleus, and Bohr's model of electrons orbiting in shells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    models of the

    27
    Chapter
    Atom
    Demokritos, the Greek philosopher, suggested about 2 500 years
    ago that all things were made of tiny indivisible particles. In Greek,
    the word atomos (from which the word atom is derived from)
    means ‘cannot be cut’ or ‘indivisible’.

    In Physics, it is understood that the meaning no longer holds true.


    Thanks to science, we know that atoms are made of sub-atomic
    particles called neutrons, protons and electrons.

    The number of these particles determines the properties of each


    element.
    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom
    Discovery of the Electron

    In a cathode ray tube, electrodes (positive and negative) are placed at the ends of the
    tube. When a high voltage is applied across the electrodes, a pale green glow
    appears at the anode end of the tube.

    The green glow was discovered to be caused by invisible radiation coming from the
    cathode. The cathode rays collide with the glass near anode causing the green glow.

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    When a thin beam of cathode ray was passed in between oppositely charged
    plates, the beam deflected towards the positively-charged plate. This indicates
    that the cathode ray is negatively-charged.

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    J.J. Thomson adapted the cathode ray tube
    to measure the deflection of the cathode
    rays due to an electric field and a magnetic
    field.
    He was able to deduce experimentally that
    the cathode rays behave like tiny, fast
    moving particles (same charge to mass
    ratio).
    In 1897, he confirmed the existence of the
    tiny, negatively-charged particles.
    They were named electrons.

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    1904: Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

    The atom is viewed as negatively-


    charged electrons swimming in a
    positively-charged matter.

    1911, 1919: Rutherford’s Model


    Rutherford’s model states that the
    atom consists of electrons travelling
    around a nucleus. The nucleus is a
    highly concentrated positively-
    charged volume of matter that is very
    much smaller than the rest of the
    atom.

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    1932: Discovery of the Neutron

    Chadwick discovered particles in the nucleus of the atom (neutron) that have no
    charge.
    Chadwick had been bombarding beryllium targets with alpha particles. The released
    penetrating rays were unaffected by electric and magnetic fields. This meant that
    the rays do not carry a charge.
    Further tests showed that the radiation was able to knock out protons from blocks of
    paraffin.

    Chadwick was able to conclude that


    these particles carried no charge and
    were of similar size to protons.
    These particles were named neutrons
    and they exist in the nucleus of all atoms.

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    1913: Bohr’s Model
    In Bohr’s Model, the electrons travel around a very small positively-charged nucleus
    in ‘shells’ of specific diameters.

    According to Bohr, the electrons are allowed to travel only within these specific
    shells. Each orbit is associated with a particular energy level.

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom
    In 1909, Geiger and Marsden bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles.

    They are detected when they hit


    the zinc sulphide screen which
    fluoresces upon collision.
    The alpha particles were small and fast There were small sparks of light
    enough to penetrate through the thin foil. during the collision
    (scintillations).

    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom


    Geiger and Marsden measured the angle of deflections of the alpha particles
    by observing the scintillations.

    Expected results Observed results

    By analysing the results of their experiment,


    Rutherford was able to make the following conclusions:
    1) Most of the alpha particles passed through without
    deflecting the atom is mainly empty space.
    2) A small number of alpha particles were deflected and
    atoms are understood to have mass the atom must have a
    very small compact nucleus and the nucleus is positively-charged.
    Chapter 27: Models of the Atom

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