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    Glaucoma

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    Ajit Thange
    Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. There are several types including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma caused by underlying conditions. Diagnosis involves measuring intraocular pressure, examining the optic nerve, and performing visual field tests. Treatment may include eye drop medications, laser treatments, or surgeries such as trabeculectomy to manage fluid drainage and lower pressure in order to prevent further vision loss. Nurses play a key role in assessing patients, providing education and support, and ensuring proper post-operative care for glaucoma patients.

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    Glaucoma

    Uploaded by

    Ajit Thange
    105 views25 pages
    Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. There are several types including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma caused by underlying conditions. Diagnosis involves measuring intraocular pressure, examining the optic nerve, and performing visual field tests. Treatment may include eye drop medications, laser treatments, or surgeries such as trabeculectomy to manage fluid drainage and lower pressure in order to prevent further vision loss. Nurses play a key role in assessing patients, providing education and support, and ensuring proper post-operative care for glaucoma patients.

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    glaucoma and types of glaucoma

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    Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. There are several types including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma caused by underlying conditions. Diagnosis involves measuring intraocular pressure, examining the optic nerve, and performing visual field tests. Treatment may include eye drop medications, laser treatments, or surgeries such as trabeculectomy to manage fluid drainage and lower pressure in order to prevent further vision loss. Nurses play a key role in assessing patients, providing education and support, and ensuring proper post-operative care for glaucoma patients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    105 views25 pages

    Glaucoma

    Uploaded by

    Ajit Thange
    Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. There are several types including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma caused by underlying conditions. Diagnosis involves measuring intraocular pressure, examining the optic nerve, and performing visual field tests. Treatment may include eye drop medications, laser treatments, or surgeries such as trabeculectomy to manage fluid drainage and lower pressure in order to prevent further vision loss. Nurses play a key role in assessing patients, providing education and support, and ensuring proper post-operative care for glaucoma patients.

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    Glaucoma

    Specific objective
     Define glaucoma.
     Explain etiology and risk factors of glaucoma.
     Enlist types of glaucoma.
     Explain pathophysiology of glaucoma.
     Enlist clinical manifestation of primary and secondary
    glaucoma.
     Enlist diagnostic evaluation for glaucoma.
     Explain medical management of glaucoma.
     Describe surgical management of glaucoma.
     Explain nursing management of glaucoma.
    Anatomy and physiology of eye:-
    Definition of Glaucoma

    Glaucoma is a group of disorders


    characterized by an abnormally high
    intraocular pressure, optic nerve
    dystrophy and peripheral visual field
    loss.
    Etiology and Risk Factors of
    Glaucoma.
     Genetics : family history of glaucoma
     Aging
     Hypertension
     Severe myopia
     Eye trauma
     Ocular surgery
     Diabetes mellitus
     Migraine headache
     Black ethnicity
     Prolonged use of local or systemic corticosteroid.
     Extreme dilation of pupil
     Emotional excitement
    Pathophysiology
    Excess production of Decreased outflow of
    aqueous humor aqueous humor
    (wide angle (narrow angle)

    Increased intraocular
    pressure

    Increase pressure on
    optic nerve

    Ischemia of nerve

    Damage to optic nerve

    Glaucoma

    Loss of vision
    Types of Glaucoma

    1. Congenital Glaucoma 2. Acquired Glaucoma

    True Congenital Primary Glucoma


    glaucoma
    Infantile Primary angle Primary open
    glaucoma closure angle glaucoma
    glaucoma
    Secondary
    Juvenile glaucoma
    glaucoma
    True congenital glaucoma- It is a labelled when IOP is raised during intrauterine
    life and child is born with ocular enlargement. Its occurrence is about 40% of cases.

    Infantile glaucoma - It is labelled when the disease manifests prior to the child's 3rd
    birthday. It occurs in about 50% of cases.

    Juvenile glaucoma - It is labelled in the race 10% of cases who develop pressure rise
    between 3 to 16 years of life.
    Clinical manifestation of primary glaucoma

    1. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

    Clinical manifestations

    • Mild aching in the eyes.


    • Mild headache
    • Increased IOP greater than 24 mm hg
    • Cornea show slight haze
    • Loss of peripheral vision
    • Reduce visual acuity especially at night.
    • Failure to detect color change
    • Halos around lights as a result of corneal edema
    • Visual field deficits.
    Continued .....
    2. Primary angle closure glaucoma

    Clinical manifestations
    • Pain and redness in eyes
    • Increased IOP between 40-70 mm hg
    • Vision may become blurred
    • Angle of anterior chamber is completely closed
    • Optic disc is hyperemic
    • Halos may be seen around bright lights
    • Headache
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Cornea edematous (cloudy)
    • Decreased visual acuity
    • Photophobia
    • Moderate pupillary dilation
    B. Secondary glaucoma :-
    secondary glaucoma occurs as a result of another disease or
    problem within the eye such as uthetis, inflammation, trauma,
    intraocular hemorrhage, previous surgery, diabetes, tumor and
    certain medications such as steroids. For this type, both the
    glaucoma and the underlying problem must be treated.
    Diagnostic Evaluation for Glaucoma.

    • Patient's ocular and medical history


    • Tonometry to measure IOP.
    • Ophthalmoscopy to show cupping of optic disc in chronic open angle
    glaucoma, pale disc suggesting acute angle closure glaucoma
    • Gonioscopy to determine the angle of the eyes anterior chamber.
    • Perimetry or visual field tests to detect loss of peripheral vision.
    • Slit lamp examination of eyes anterior structure including the iris, cornea
    and lens.
    • Fundus photography to monitor the disc for changes.
    Tonometry
    Opthalmoscopy
    Gonioscopy
    Perimetry
    Fundus photography
    Medical management of Glaucoma

    • Beta adrenergic blockers - temolol, betaxolol


    • Cholinegeric (miotics) - pilocarpine, carbacol
    • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - darzolamide, methazolamide
    • Adrenergic Agonists - epinephrine
    • Prostaglandin analogs - latanoprost
    • Osmotic agents: Iv mannitol (20%), oral glycerin (50%)
    Surgical management of Glaucoma

    • Argon laser trabeculoplasty


    • Laser Iridotomy
    • Cyclocryotherapy
    • Cyclodialysis
    • Filtering procedures
    Nursing management of Glaucoma

    • Assessment for Glaucoma


    • Nursing diagnosis
    • Nursing priorities
    • Discharge goals
    • Nursing Interventions
    Nursing diagnosis :-

    ● Knowledge deficit related to postoperative care


    ● Acute pain related to increased iop and surgical complications.
    ● Fear related to pain and potential loss of vision.
    Assignment

    1. Define glaucoma
    2. Explain types of glaucoma
    3. Explain surgical management and nursing management for
    the patient had undergone drainage implants.
    Bibliography :-
    1. Javed Ansari, devindar kaur , A textbook of medical surgical nursing, PV publication,
    2011, page no- 197 to 201.

    2. Suzanne C. Smeltzer et,al., Brunner and Suddhart’s textbook of medical surgical


    nursing, lippincot wiliams and wilkins, twelth edition, 2010, page no 1767 to 1772.

    3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02363.x

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