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    Organic Chemistry: Dr. Omar Mohammed Yahya

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    1) Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Aldehydes have the carbonyl carbon bonded to a hydrogen, while ketones have the carbonyl carbon bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. 2) Common and IUPAC naming conventions are discussed for aldehydes and ketones. Physical properties like boiling point and odor are also covered. 3) Methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones are outlined, including oxidation of alcohols and acylation reactions. Tests to identify aldehydes like the Tollens test forming a silver mirror are described.

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    Organic Chemistry: Dr. Omar Mohammed Yahya

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    45 views15 pages
    1) Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Aldehydes have the carbonyl carbon bonded to a hydrogen, while ketones have the carbonyl carbon bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. 2) Common and IUPAC naming conventions are discussed for aldehydes and ketones. Physical properties like boiling point and odor are also covered. 3) Methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones are outlined, including oxidation of alcohols and acylation reactions. Tests to identify aldehydes like the Tollens test forming a silver mirror are described.

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    Lecture3 (1)

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    1) Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Aldehydes have the carbonyl carbon bonded to a hydrogen, while ketones have the carbonyl carbon bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. 2) Common and IUPAC naming conventions are discussed for aldehydes and ketones. Physical properties like boiling point and odor are also covered. 3) Methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones are outlined, including oxidation of alcohols and acylation reactions. Tests to identify aldehydes like the Tollens test forming a silver mirror are described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    45 views15 pages

    Organic Chemistry: Dr. Omar Mohammed Yahya

    Uploaded by

    Cover Songs
    1) Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Aldehydes have the carbonyl carbon bonded to a hydrogen, while ketones have the carbonyl carbon bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. 2) Common and IUPAC naming conventions are discussed for aldehydes and ketones. Physical properties like boiling point and odor are also covered. 3) Methods for preparing aldehydes and ketones are outlined, including oxidation of alcohols and acylation reactions. Tests to identify aldehydes like the Tollens test forming a silver mirror are described.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Organic Chemistry

    Dr. Omar Mohammed Yahya


    Aldehydes and ketones
    These are compounds characterized by the presence of carbonyl group, where
    as aldehyde contains a carbonyl group whose carbon is bonded to one
    :hydrogen and either an alkyl or aryl group , for example
    O
    O
    C H
    CH3 C H
    aliphatic aromatic
    acetaldehyde benzaldehyde
    :ketones
    carbonyl group attached to two alkyl or two aryl groups or one alkyl and one
    :aryl group for example
    O O O
    C CH3 C
    H3C C CH3
    aliphatic acetophenone aromatic
    acetone methyl phenyl ketone benzophenone
    mixed

    O O

    H CCH2CH2C H
    butanedial
    Naming of carbonyl compound
    Common names are almost always used for aldehydes of five carbons or less

    O
    CH3 CH2 CH2 C H
    Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde
    O
    δ γ β α
    C C C C C H
    O O
    Br CH2 CH2 CH2 C H CH3 CH C H
    Cl
    γ- Bromobutyraldehyde α- Chloropropionaldehyde
    IUPAC
    The IUPAC names of aldehyde are formed by replacing the –e of the
    name of the longest carbon chains the aldehyde group with –al. Because
    the aldehyde group ,like the carboxyl group ,must always be at the end of
    the chian .
    CH3 CH3
    CH3CHO CH3 CH CHO Cl CH2 CH CH2 CHO
    Ethanal 2-Methyl propanal 4-Chloro-3-methyl butanal
    The common names of ketones are formed by replacing the names of the
    groups attached to the carbonyl group as prefixes to the word ketone .
    The names are written as separate words , for example .
    O O
    CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3
    Ethyl methyl ketone Diethyl ketone
    Ethyl vinyl ketone

    The IUPAC names of ketones are derived from the name of the longest
    carbon chain that contains the carbonyl group by replacing the –e with the
    suffixe one

    butanone-2 methyl-3-penten-2-one-4 cyclohexanone


    Physical properties
    .Boiling point if carbonyl compound is higher due to the H-bonding-1
    .Aldehyde and ketone are polar molecules-2
    Many aldehyde have pleasant odors even ketones of lower molecular -3
    .weight have rather than pleasant odors

    Preparation of carbonyl compound


    a- Aldehydes
    Oxidation of alcohols-1
    :aldehydes can be prepared from the oxidation of primary alcohol for example

    aldeyhde

    the reaction is called dehydration


    Oxidation of methyl benzenes for example -2

    p-nitro toluene p-nitro benzaldehyde


    O
    O CH3 C
    2 CH3 C OH O + H2O
    CH3 C
    O
    Acetic anhydride
    b-Ketones
    1-Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols , for example
    CH3
    CH3

    H K2Cr2O7 , H2SO4

    OH O
    CH
    CH
    H3C CH3
    H3C CH3

    2-Friedel-Crafts acylation for example

    O O
    AlCl3
    C Cl + C + HCl

    benzoyl chloride Diphenyl ketone


    benzophenone
    The carbonyl group:-
    o o
    120 120
    C O C C

    The electronic structure of carbonyl group is similar to


    electronic structure of the alkene .The orbital of carbonyl
    compound are sp2 .
    The different between carbonyl and alkene structure is that
    in a carbonyl compound the double bond involves between
    two atoms of a wide difference of electronegative .
    So carbonyl group is a polar group .
    Carbonyl group
    +δ -δ

    Resonance structure of carbonyl group

    C O the bond length =1.24 Ao

    8- -10
    1Ao =10 cm = 10 m

    the solubility of low carbonyl compound , they are soluble


    in water due to the formation of H-bonding
    Application to biochemistry
    Honey is especially sweet because of the sugar (fructose) .
    O

    CH2(OH)CCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH2OH
    f ructose
    Test for aldehyde
    Most of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones are very
    similar , but their ability to be oxidized differs greatly . This
    ease of oxidation is the basis of several specific tests for
    aldehydes .
    One of these is the # Tollens, test # , which consists of
    adding the Tollens, reagent , an alkaline solution of
    di(ammine) silver(I) ion ,Ag(NH­3)2+ , to the aldehyde . The
    aldehyde is oxidized to the carboxylate ion , and the silver ion
    is reduced to silver metal :

    - -
    2 Ag(NH3)2+ + RCHO + 3 OH RCO2 + 2 Ag + 4NH4 + 2 H2O
    The silver metal coats the glass surface and forms a silver
    mirror , this reaction is commonly the silver mirror test for
    aldehyde .

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