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Engineering Measurements: by Shaik Himam Saheb Icfaitech, Ifhe Hyderabad
Engineering Measurements: by Shaik Himam Saheb Icfaitech, Ifhe Hyderabad
By
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Engineering Measurements
Definition of Terms
Generalized Measurement System
Errors in measurements
Calibration
Standard
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Measurements
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Basic requirements for a
meaningful measurement
The standard used for comparison purposes
must be accurately defined and should be
commonly accepted.
The apparatus used and the method adopted
must be provable (verifiable).
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Two major functions of all branch
of engineering
Design of equipment and processes
Proper Operation and maintenance of
equipment and processes.
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Methods of Measurement
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
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Direct Methods: In these methods, the unknown quantity (called
the measurand ) is directly compared against a standard.
Indirect Method: Measurements by direct methods are not always
possible, feasible and practicable. In engineering applications
measurement systems are used which require need of indirect
method for measurement purposes.
For example of direct measurement is weight, distance, and so on.
Therefore, if I want to measure how long a piece of wood, I just
measure it.
However, let say if I want to find out about something that is a
little harder to measure like how quickly the wind is blowing. I
may not be able to measure the wind's actual speed, but if I had a
windmill, I could measure how much power the windmill is
making. Then, using this information, I could work backwards to
figure out how fast the wind must be. This would be an example
where I have to measure something 'indirectly.'
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Instruments and Measurement
Systems.
Measurement involve the use of
instruments as a physical means of
determining quantities or variables.
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Evolution of Instruments.
a) Mechanical
b) Electrical
c) Electronic Instruments.
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Contd
Electrical: It is faster than mechanical,
indicating the output are rapid than mechanical
methods. But it depends on the mechanical
movement of the meters. The response is 0.5 to
24 seconds.
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Classification Of Instruments
Absolute Instruments.
Secondary Instruments.
Absolute: These instruments give the
magnitude if the quantity under
measurement terms of physical constants
of the instrument.
Secondary: These instruments are
calibrated by the comparison with absolute
instruments which have already been
calibrated.
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Further its classified as
Deflection Type Instruments
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Functions of instrument and measuring
system can be classified into three. They
are:
i) Indicating function.
ii) Recording function.
iii) Controlling function.
Application of measurement systems are:
i) Monitoring of process and operation.
ii) Control of processes and operation.
iii) Experimental engineering analysis.
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Types of Instrumentation
System
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Elements of Generalized
Measurement System
Primary sensing element.
Variable conversion element.
Data presentation element.
Primary Sensing Element: The quantity
under measurement makes its first contact
with the primary sensing element of a
measurement system.
Variable Conversion Element: It converts the
output of the primary sensing element into
suitable form to preserve the information
content of the original signal.
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Contd..
Data Presentation Element: The
information about the quantity under
measurement has to be conveyed to the
personnel handling the instrument or the
system for monitoring, control or analysis
purpose.
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Functional Elements of an
Instrumentation System
TERMINATING
DETECTOR INTERMEDIATE STAGE STAGE
TRANSDUCER
STAGE
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Static Characteristics Of
Instruments And Measurement
Systems
Application involved measurement of
quantity that are either constant or varies
slowly with time is known as static.
Accuracy and Precision
Drift
Dead Zone
Static Error
Sensitivity
Reproducibility
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Static Characteristics
Static correction
Scale range
Scale span
Noise
Dead Time
Hysteresis.
Linearity
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Accuracy: It is the closeness with an
instrument reading approaches the true
value of the quantity being measured.
True Value: True value of quantity may be
defined as the average of an infinite no. of
measured value.
Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the
magnitude of the output response to that of
input response.
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STATIC ERROR: It is defined as the
difference between the measured value
and true value of the quantity.
A=Am-At
Where Am =measured value of quantity
At =true value of quantity.
It is also called as the absolute static error.
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SCALE RANGE: The scale range of an
instrument is defined as the difference
between the largest and the smallest reading
of the instrument.
Suppose highest point of calibration is X max
units while the lowest is Xmin units, then the
instrument range is between Xmin and Xmax.
SCALE SPAN: Scale span or instrument
span is given as Scale span= Xmax - Xmin
It is the difference between highest and
lowest point of calibration.
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Reproducibility is specified in terms of
scale readings over a given period of time.
Drift is an undesirable quality in industrial
instruments because it is rarely apparent
and cannot be maintained.
It is classified as
a) Zero drift
b) Span drift or sensitivity drift
c) Zonal drift.
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Dynamic Characteristics of
Measurement System
• Speed of response
• Measuring lag
• Fidelity
• Dynamic error
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.
SPEED OF RESPONSE :It is defined as
the rapidity with which a measurement
system responds to changes in measured
quantity. It is one of the dynamic
characteristics of a measurement system.
FIDELITY: It is defined as the degree to
which a measurement system indicates
changes in the measured quantity without
any dynamic error.
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Dynamic Error
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Measuring Lag
It is the retardation delay in the response of
a measurement system to changes in the
measured quantity. It is of 2 types:
Retardation type: The response begins
immediately after a change in measured
quantity has occurred.
Time delay: The response of the
measurement system begins after a dead
zone after the application of the input.
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Errors in Measurement
Limiting Errors (Guarantee Errors)
Known Error
Classification
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Deviation
Deviation is departure of the observed reading
from the arithmetic mean of the group of readings.
d1 x1 X
d 2 x2 X
d 3 x3 X
d n xn X
d1 d 2 d 3 ..... d n 0
ie
( x1 X ) ( x2 X ) ( x3 X ) .. ( xn X )
( x1 x2 x3 ... xn ) n X
nX nX 0
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Standard Deviation
S .D
2 2 2
d d d ... d
1 2 3
2
4
d 2
20observatio n
n n
S .D s
2 2 2
d d d ... d
1 2 3
2
4
d 2
20observatio n
n 1 n 1
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Variance
Variance S .D
2 2
d 2
n
20observatio n
Variance S .D s
2 2
d 2
n 1
20observatio n
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Probable Error
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Problem
Question: The following 10 observation were
recorded when measuring a voltage:
41.7,42.0,41.8,42.0,42.1,
41.9,42.0,41.9,42.5,41.8 volts.
1. Mean
2. Standard Deviation
3. Probable Error
4. Range.
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Answer
Mean=41.97 volt
S.D=0.22 volt
Probable error=0.15 volt
Range=0.8 volt.
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Calibration
Calibration of all instruments is important since it
affords the opportunity to check the instruments
against a known standard and subsequently to find
errors and accuracy.
Calibration Procedure involve a comparison of the
particular instrument with either
a Primary standard
a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than
the instrument to be calibrated.
an instrument of known accuracy.
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Standards
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Types of Standards
– International Standards (defined based
on international agreement )
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THANK YOU
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