Program: Bca Course Code: Bcas2013 Course Name: Graph Theory

PROGRAM : BCA
COURSE CODE : BCAS2013

COURSE NAME : GRAPH THEORY
PRESENTATION
ON
CONNECTIVITY PATTERN IN HUMAN BRAIN NETWORK
Group Member Name:-

Name - Rajeev kumar jha
Name - Rakesh kumar pandey
Name - Rajnish pal
INTRODUCTION
• Some of the most daunting scientific challenges of the 21st century involve complex social,
technological, and biological systems—from the stability of global financial and economic
networks to the spreading of epidemics, the web of biotic interactions in an ecosystem, and
metabolic and transcriptional processes inside cells and tissues.
• An important theoretical foundation for understanding complexity is network science, which
focuses on the structure and function of systems that are composed of numerous elements and
their interactions.
• Over the past couple of decades, the network perspective has gained considerable ground in
neuroscience
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Networks or graphs are collections of factors (nodes, vertices) and their pairwise links (edges,
connections) which, in their best form, may be summarized within the shape of a connection (or
adjacency) matrix.
• The entire set of all pairwise connections defines the graph's topology, supplying a entire map of
all relations amongst nodes and edges.
• Brain nodes can be person neurons or entire mind regions, depending at the measurement
method. Edges can take on binary or weighted values, and that they can be directed or undirected,
depending on how interactions are expected from empirical records.
MODULARITY
• Among the most widely encountered and biologically meaningful aspects of brain networks is their
organization into distinct network communities or modules
• . Modules are useful to partition larger networks into basic “building blocks,” ie, internally densely
connected clusters that are more weakly interconnected amongst each other.
• Modular partitions have neurobiological significance as their boundaries separate functionally
related neural elements, define critical bridges and hubs that join communities, channel and
restrict the flow of neural signals and information, and limit the uncontrolled spread of
perturbations.
CENTRALITY AND COMMUNICATION
• Empirical networks have architectures that differ significantly from those of classic random
graph models—most importantly, their nodes and edges are not equal in the way they are
connected with the rest of the network.
• Far from being “equipotential,” the ways in which nodes and edges are embedded within the
overall topology play a major role in determining their specific contributions to network
function.
• Thus, network theory reconciles functional specialization with distributed processing—a
dichotomy that has in the past led to strongly polarized theories of brain function, to the
detriment of scientific progress.
ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY
• All graph theory approaches discussed so far build on networks that are composed of pairwise
interactions.
• However, higher-order interactions can be highly informative for understanding non-random
attributes of brain networks.
• Such higher-order relations can be represented with tools from applied algebraic topology, such as
so-called simplicial complexes or simplices.
• Simplices reframe the problem of relational data in terms of collections of vertices: a 0-simplex is a
node, a 1-simplex is an edge, and a 2-simplex is a filled triangle. Simplices can be used to locate
cliques or cavities
EXAMPLE
CONT.
CONCLUSION
• The growth of network neuroscience over the past decade or two has been nothing short of astonishing.
• A major driving force for this rapid expansion is the availability of relational data recording couplings and
interactions among elements of neural systems.
• For now, most studies remain descriptive and focus entirely on pairwise interactions resulting in graphs
composed of dyadic links. But graph theory is much more powerful than current methods applied to brain
networks suggest.
• Generative models, dynamic networks, multilayer models, and algebraic topology are just a few of the
promising directions that are currently pursued. With time, these new approaches will likely find
applications not only in basic, but also in clinical and translational research.
• For years to come graph theory methods will remain indispensable tools to further our understanding of
the brain as a complex interconnected system
REFERENCES
• 1. Newman M. Networks: An Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010.

• 2. Barabási AL. Network Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2016.
• 3. Estrada E. The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press; 2012.
• 4. Bullmore E., Sporns O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of
structural and functional systems. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:186–198.

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Program: Bca Course Code: Bcas2013 Course Name: Graph Theory

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PROGRAM : BCA

COURSE CODE : BCAS2013

Group Member Name:-

• 1. Newman M. Networks: An Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010.

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