Çengel

Boles
CHAPTER

3
The First Law of
Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics:
Closed Systems

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-22

Chapter Summary

• The first law of thermodynamics is essentially

Çengel an expression of the conservation of energy
Boles
principle. Energy can cross the boundaries of
Thermodynamics

a closed system in the form of heat or work.

• If the energy transfer across the boundaries of

a closed system is due
to a temperature difference, it is heat;
otherwise, it is work.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-23

Chapter Summary
• Heat is transferred in three ways: conduction,
convection, and radiation.

Çengel › Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more

Boles
energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
Thermodynamics

energetic ones as a result of interactions between the

particles.
› Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a
solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in
motion, and it involves the combined effects of
conduction and fluid motion.
› Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms
Third Edition
or molecules.
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
 3-24

Chapter Summary
• The three modes of heat transfer are expressed
as:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-25

Chapter Summary
• Various forms of work are expressed as follows:

› Electrical work: (kJ)

Çengel
Boles
› Boundary work: (kJ)
Thermodynamics

› Gravitational work (=DPE): (kJ)

› Acceleration work (=DKE): (kJ)

› Shaft work: (kJ)

› Spring work: (kJ)

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-26

Chapter Summary

Çengel • For the ploytropic process (Pvn = constant) of real

Boles gases, the boundary work can be expressed as:
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-27

Chapter Summary

• The energy balance for any system undergoing

Çengel any process can be expressed as:
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-28

Chapter Summary

• The energy balances for any system undergoing

Çengel any process can be expressed in the rate form as:
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-29

Chapter Summary

• Taking heat transfer to the system and work done

by the system to be positive quantities, the energy
Çengel balance for a closed system can also be
Boles
expressed as:
Thermodynamics

where:

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-30

Chapter Summary

• For a constant-pressure process, .

Çengel
Boles Thus
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-31

Chapter Summary

• The amount of energy needed to raise the

Çengel temperature of a unit of mass of a substance by
Boles one degree is called the specific heat at constant
Thermodynamics

volume Cv for a constant-volume process and the

specific heat at constant pressure Cp for a
constant pressure process. They are defined as:

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-32

Chapter Summary

• For ideal gases u, h, Cv, and Cp are functions of

Çengel temperature alone. The u and h of ideal gases
Boles
can be expressed as:
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-33

Chapter Summary

• For ideal gases Cv, and Cp are related by:

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-34

Chapter Summary

• The specific heat ratio k is defined as:

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-35

Chapter Summary

• For incompressible substances (liquids and

Çengel solids), both the constant-pressure and constant-
Boles volume specific heats are identical and denoted
Thermodynamics

by C:

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-36

Chapter Summary

• The u and h of incompressible substances are

Çengel given by
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-37

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The refrigeration and freezing of foods is a major
Thermodynamics

application area of thermodynamics.

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-1

Heat Transfer

(Fig. 3-3)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-2

Adiabatic Process

(Fig. 3-4)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-3

Convection: Heat Transfer

(Fig. 3-8)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-4

Convection: Cooling

(Fig. 3-9)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-5

Radiation

(Fig. 3-10)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-6

Heat and Work

(Fig. 3-15)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-7

Path Functions

(Fig. 3-16)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-8

Boundary Work

(Fig. 3-27)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-9

Net Work per Cycle

(Fig. 3-29)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-10

Schematic/Diagram for Ex. 3-8

(Fig. 3-31)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-11

Schematic/Diagram for Ex. 3-9

(Fig. 3-32)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-12
Schematic/Diagram for the
Polytropic Process

(Fig. 3-33)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-13

Schematic/Diagram for Ex. 3-13

(Fig. 3-43)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-14

Stretching a Liquid Film

(Fig. 3-45)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-15

System Energy Change

(Fig. 3-52)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-16

Energy Change for a Cycle

(Fig. 3-54)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-17

Closed-Systems, First-Law

(Fig. 3-55)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-18

Formal Definitions of Cv and Cp

(Fig. 3-72)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-19

Specific Heats for Some Gases

(Fig. 3-76)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-20

Three Ways to Calculate ²u

(Fig. 3-80)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

 3-21

Typical Freezing Curve (food)

(Fig. 3-91)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998