Introduction To Microwave Circuits & Systems

Chapter 1
Introduction to
Microwave Circuits & Systems
1
1.1 Introduction to Microwave
 Microwave Engineering : includes the solutions of
electromagnetic wave theory(such as the wave solutions) in the
field of :
 Transmission lines and wave guide ckt analysis
Microwave resonators
Microwave amplifiers , filters , Oscillators & Mixers.
Antennas & Microwave Propagations &
Other system considerations
2
Microwaves : are the ultrahigh, super high, and extremely
high frequencies directly above the lower frequency ranges
where most radio communication now takes place and
below the optical frequencies that cover infrared, visible,
and ultraviolet light.
3
1.2 Microwaves : Frequency range and Bands
 The practical microwave region is generally considered to
extend from 1 to 30 GHz, although frequencies could
include up to 300 GHz.
 Microwave signals in the 1 to 30-GHz have wavelengths of
30 cm to 1 cm.
 The microwave frequency spectrum is divided up into
groups of frequencies, or bands.
 Frequencies above 40 GHz are referred to as millimeter
(mm) waves and those above 300 GHz are in the
submillimeter ban
4
 The frequency classification of radio signals are as
follows
Frequency Band Description
300Hz-3KHz Voice frequency
3KHz-30KHz VLF(Very Low frequency), Navigation(SONAR)
30KHz -300KHz LF(Low Frequency), Radio beacons, Navigation aids
300KHz-3MHz MF( AM for radio txn)
3MHz-30 MHZ HF(For short wave radio

communication)
30MHz-300MHz VHF (For mobile radio , FM broadcast, TV channel)
300MHz-3GHz UHF(Lower Microwave frequency for TV, Mobile ,

Radar etc)
3GHZ-30GHz SHF (Microwave frequency for satellite and radar
communications )
>100GHz Millimeter Wave Frequency
5
 Microwave frequency bands.
Origin of Names:
L – Long Wave
S – Short Wave
C – Compromise
X - Cross
Ku – Kurz-under
K – Kurz
Ka – Kurz-above
V - Very
6
 Advantages of Microwaves
 Wide bandwidth due to higher frequency, this makes possible for
various multiplexing techniques to transmit more information.
 Smaller component size
 More available and less crowded frequency spectrum
 Better resolution for “RADARS” due to smaller wavelengths.
 Lower interference.
 Higher speed of operation
 Higher antenna gain possible in smaller space
7
Dis advantages of Microwaves
More expensive components
Availability of lower power components
Existence of higher signal losses
Use of high speed semi-conductors. e.g. GaAs
The higher the frequency, the more difficult it becomes to
analyze electronic circuits.
At microwave frequencies, conventional components
become difficult to implement (very small in dimension)
8
Cont…
Microwave signals, like light waves, travel in

perfectly straight lines. Therefore, communication
distance is limited to line-of-sight range.
9
1.3 Microwave applications
10
5. for direct television broadcasting the mostly used band is C-band,
the uplink used is 5.9 to 6.4GHz and this relative downlink frequency
band is between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz.
6. For home reception 8-ft dimension parabolic reflector antenna is

used.
7. The domestic microwave oven operates at 2.450MHz and uses a

magnetization to be with out put off 500 to 1000w
8. For industrial application such as draying grain, manufacturing,

wood and paper products material curing at frequencies of 915 to
24,50MHz.
11
Microwave applications
 Long Distance Communication
 Terrestrial Communication
 Radars
 Defence Applications
 Air Traffic Controlling and Navigation
 Microwave heating
 Microwave oven
 Remote Sensing
 Wireless data Networks
12
1.4. Microwave Communication Systems
• Like any other communication system, a microwave

communication system uses transmitters, receivers,
and antennas.
13
 Microwave systems
 Transmitter subsystem
 Microwave oscillator
 Waveguide
 Transmitting antenna
 Receiver subsystem
 Receiving antenna
 Transmission line(waveguide)
 Microwave amplifier
 Receiver 14
Microwave Transmitters
15
Microwave Receiver
16
UOG, IOT
• Basically a point relation It should be valid at every

point in space at every instant of time
• The power is given by the integral of this relation of
Poynting vector over a volume as follows:
• We can interchange the volume integral and partial

derivative w.r.t. time
03/01/22 By: Tsegaye M 17

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Chapter 1

Microwave Circuits & Systems

Other system considerations

3KHz-30KHz VLF(Very Low frequency), Navigation(SONAR)

30KHz -300KHz LF(Low Frequency), Radio beacons, Navigation aids

300KHz-3MHz MF( AM for radio txn)

3MHz-30 MHZ HF(For short wave radio

300MHz-3GHz UHF(Lower Microwave frequency for TV, Mobile ,

 More available and less crowded frequency spectrum

 Better resolution for “RADARS” due to smaller wavelengths.

 Higher speed of operation

 Higher antenna gain possible in smaller space

Microwave signals, like light waves, travel in

6. For home reception 8-ft dimension parabolic reflector antenna is

7. The domestic microwave oven operates at 2.450MHz and uses a

8. For industrial application such as draying grain, manufacturing,

• Like any other communication system, a microwave

• Basically a point relation It should be valid at every

• We can interchange the volume integral and partial

03/01/22 By: Tsegaye M 17

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