CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF NETWORK PARAMETERS

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TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

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 Review of Network Parameters

At low frequencies, the z, y, h, or ABCD parameters

are examples of network functions used in the
description of two-port networks.
These parameters cannot be measured accurately at
higher frequencies because the required short- and
open-circuit tests are difficult to achieve over a
broadband range of microwave frequencies.

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The Impedance, Admittance, Hybrid, And
ABCD Matrices.
Z- Parameters:
(series connection
E.g. Common-lead
inductance of transistor
Up to 1MHz)

or in matrix form:

y - Parameters:
(parallel connection
Up to 500MHz)
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h - Parameters:
(hybrid connection)

ABCD - Parameters:
(Cascaded connection
> 500MHz)

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 z, y, h and ABCD, two-port Networks are
very useful at low frequencies because the
parameters are readily measured using short-
and open-circuit tests at the terminals of the
two-port network.

For example:

Z, Y and ABCD parameters are useful for computer

analysis of circuits.

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 At microwave frequencies the z, y, h, or
ABCD parameters are very difficult (if not
impossible) to measure.

 The reason is that short and open circuits to ac

signals are difficult to implement over a
broadband, at microwave frequencies.

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But in practical many microwave networks consists of a
cascaded connections of two or more two port networks.
In this case it is convenient to define a 2 × 2 transmission
or ABCD matrices for each two port network.
The ABCD matrix is defined for a two- port network in
terms of the total voltages and currents as shown in figure
below.

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b) A Cascade connection of two-port network
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 Which shows the ABCD matrix of cascade connection of
the two port network is equal to the product of ABCD
matrix representing the individual ports. Evaluation of
ABCD parameters.
 Evaluation of ABCD parameters: find the ABCD
parameters of two-port network consisting of a series
impedance Z-between port1 and port 2 circuit.

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 Network Scattering parameters

Microwave system: consists of several microwave

components including the source and load being connected

to each other by waveguide or coaxial or transmission line

system.
At a certain point in a waveguide system it becomes
necessary all or parts of the microwave energy into
perpendicular direction. 13
In general, a microwave junction is an interconnection
of two or more microwave components as shown in
figure below.

Figure: Incident and reflected waves in a two-port network.

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Why analysis of microwave components by
scattering parameters

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 An active two-port (e.g., a microwave transistor)
might oscillate under short or open-circuit conditions:

 Therefore S parameter representation is needed, so

these parameters are defined in terms of traveling
waves and completely characterize the behavior of
two-port networks at microwave frequencies.

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 Similarly, S12 a2 represents the contribution to the
reflected wave b1 due to the incident wave a2 at port
2, and so on.
 The parameters S11, S12 , S21, and S22 ,which
represent reflection and transmission coefficients, are
called the scattering parameters of the two-port
network.
 The matrix form:

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(input reflection coefficient with
output properly terminated)

(forward transmission coefficient

with output properly terminated)

(output reflection coefficient with

input properly terminated)

(reverse transmission coefficient

with input properly terminated)
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 The chain scattering parameters, also called the
scattering transfer parameters or T parameters, are
used when cascading networks.

Where: The input waves a1 and b1 are the dependent variables

and the output waves a2 and b2 are the independent variables.

The relationship between the S and T parameters can be

developed:

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and,

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 Review of Transmission line that operate at
microwave frequency
 In communication systems, TL refers to the link
between transmitter and receiver antennas.
 Transmission lines can have a size that is a very
small fraction of the wavelength (Interconnects
in ICs), or many wavelengths of the signal that
they are transmitting.
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There are four types of transmission lines
1.The two-wire parallel transmission line
2.Co-axial lines
3.Stripe type substrate transmission lines
4.Waveguide

1. Two-wire parallel transmission lines: this is the most

common transmission lines with a pair of uniform size
wires are used for power transmission, electrical
telephone lines and television signals are used below
500MHz due to radiation losses.
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2. Co-axial lines: the co-axial transmission line
is the most widely used transmission line for
high frequency applications.

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3. Strip lines : are essentially modifications of the
two-wires and co-axial lines they are basically planar
transmission lines that are widely used for frequencies
from 100MHz to 100GHz.

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 Transmission Line Theory
Transmission line stores energy along its path
in a combined form of electric or magnetic
energy
There is a conversion of energy from one form
to the other for an alternating signal.
Thus, a transmission line has a circuit form that
is similar with an RLC circuit.

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The Lumped-Element Circuit Model
oResistance (R) p.u.l
oCapacitance (C) p.u.l
oInductance (L) p.u.l
oConductance (G) p.u.l

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 Wave Propagation on a transmission line
 Resistance (R) p.u.l
 Capacitance (C) p.u.l
 Inductance (L ) p.u.l
 Conductance (G )p.u.l (isolation between lines)

By Applying Kirchhoff's law

TLs and Waveguides 33

 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
 Resistance (R) p.u.l
 Capacitance (C) p.u.l
 Inductance (L ) p.u.l
 Conductance (G ) p.u.l (isolation between lines)

Taking the limit as 𝝙z goes to zero

TLs and Waveguides 34
 Wave Propagation on a Transmission line

For Cosine phasors in a

steady state :

Solving for V(z) or I(z)

TLs and Waveguides 35

 Cont.…

 Propagation Constant
𝛼- Attenuation Coefficient
𝛽- Phase-Shift Coefficient

 Characteristic Impedance

TLs and Waveguides 36

 Cont.…

 Other parameters include:

Attenuation Constant

Phase Constant

Wave number

Phase Velocity

Wavelength

TLs and Waveguides 37

 The Lossless Line
 In some cases the loss of a transmission line could be so small
that it can be ignored, and the dielectric material between the
conducting cables has 0 conductivity.
i.e. R =0 , G=0

 Thus, the propagation expressions simplify to:

TLs and Waveguides 38

 Impedance Matching
 Impedance Matching: is very desirable with radio
frequency(RF) transmission lines. In the circuit
theory maximum power transfer requires to load
impedances.
 In transmission line problems means simple
terminating the line in its characteristics
impedance.
 A common application of RF transmission lines is
the one in which there is a feeder connection
between a transmitter and antenna.
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Example 1

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Example 2

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