ROMAN GARDEN

SUBMITTED BY:
KHUSHI BAJORIA
NEELAM CHANDRAKAR
SHANTI DENGWANI
INTRODUCTION

• The garden was a place of peace and

tranquility and a place filled with religious and
symbolic meanings. The use of gardens
expanded and gardens ultimately thrived in
Ancient Rome.
•  Roman gardens were influenced by Egyptian,
Persian, and Greek gardening techniques.
• Roman garden is a Landscape garden design,
which was introduced in England in the
beginning of 18th century. 
•  It is also called as English landscape park.
This English garden had become popular all
over the Europe, which replaced the 17th
century, symmetrical and formal style garden,
"Garden a la francaise".
INTRODUCTION

• It had become the principal garden style of

Europe. English gardens represent the ideal
nature view and were very much inspired by
the paintings of Nicolas Poussin and Claude
Lorraine.
• Generally, in an English garden, there may be a
lake or pond, establishing rolling lawns
opposite the tree groves and structures of
bridges, ruins and some other architecture.
• Rome, comparatively late in developing the
new form of gardens, was also behind Florence
in ornamenting her gardens with statues. It was
the man who made Rome’s future.
• Roman gardens began as practical features.
Large or small, they were sources of
vegetables, herbs, and fruit for the household
 PARTS OF ROMAN GARDEN

Parts of a Roman Garden Private Roman gardens were generally separated into three parts.
1. The first, the xystus, was a terrace that served as an open air drawing room and
connected to the home via a covered portico. The xystus overlooked the lower garden,
or ambulation.
2. The ambulation consisted of a variety of flowers, trees, and other foliage and served as
an ideal milieu for a leisurely stroll after a meal, some mild conversation, or other
Roman recreation activities.
3. The gestation was a shaded avenue where the master of a home could ride horseback or
be carried by his slaves. It generally encircled the ambulation, or was constructed as a
separate oval shaped space.
Xystus was the Greek architectural term for the covered portico of the gymnasium, in which
the exercises took place during the winter or in rainy weather
Ambulation: walking from place to place
 PARTS OF GARDEN

XYSTUS AMBULATION GESTATION

a terrace that served as an open The xystus overlooked the The gestation was a
air drawing room and connected lower garden, or shaded avenue where the
to the home via a covered ambulation. The ambulation master of a home could
portico.  Xystus was the Greek consisted of a variety of ride horseback or be
architectural term for the flowers, trees, and other carried by his slaves. It
covered portico of the foliage and served as an generally encircled the
gymnasium, in which the ideal milieu for a leisurely ambulation, or was
exercises took place during the stroll after a meal, some constructed as a separate
winter or in rainy weather mild conversation, or other oval shaped space.
Roman recreation activities.
Ambulation: walking from
place to place
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROMAN
GARDEN

Formal Gardens :The formal areas of a Informal Gardens :The Romans The Peristyle Garden : City houses
large garden were usually in the remained attached to their agrarian usually faced inward to a courtyard ,
vicinity of a house, their form and origins, and a fondness for naturalism the source of light and air for the
proportion tending to follow those of prevailed in Roman culture rooms arranged around it . These
the architecture of the house itself court - yards were sometimes
surrounded by a continuous covered
colonnade , or peristyle , to provide
shelter and shade as well as access
from room to room . Such gardens are
thus called "peristyle gardens. "
TYPES OF ROMAN GARDEN

• Sacred groves
• Urban public gardens
• Urban private gardens
• Gardens in villas and palaces
• Xyst gardens
 TYPES

• Sacred groves - are connected with religion. As in Greece their territory was
occupied with small temples, water sources, chapels and altars.
•  Urban public gardens - the emperor built these gardens around public
buildings like theatres and therms because he cared about his citizens. They
were arranged over the areas and they were different sizes. They were similar to
contemporary recreational parks in some ways, since they had alleys, groups of
trees, covered galleries with niches for relaxations. Ponds , which were
decorated with sculptures, were always present.
• Urban private gardens - were insignificant and were added after the planning
of the house. The atrium-peristyle type house was formed in ancient Rome, in
volume of which were found courtyards which were surrounded by colonnades,
decorated by sculptures, shrubs and flowers, and decorated with pools and
ponds. The sizes of such courtyard were different: 9x20m (in the House of
Vette) , 28x22m (in the House of Faun). The walls of the galleries, which
surrounded courtyard, were decorated with paintings of plants. Such courtyards
were called peristyle.
 TYPES

• Gardens in villas and palaces - had different purposes - from the

purely economic to entertainment. These gardens were arranged on
the stepped terraces were decorated with flowers, fountains, sculptures
and other architectural structures. The terraces were connected
together by stairs, however, as in Greece, stairs did not have
composition value yet.
• Hippodrome gardens - The Romans borrowed this idea from the
Greeks. In Rome it lost its purpose as a place for sport competitions,
but nevertheless they preserved the shape of a rectangle with rounded
edges. Hippodrome gardens had a lawn with flowers, framed by alleys
and trimmed shrubs. Shrub and tree compositions, flower gardens,
fountains and gazebos were also placed on the edges. The empty space
in the center gave an opportunity for observation.
• Xyst gardens - flat garden, took the form of a parterre and it was
connected with the portico of the house.
 GARDEN DESIGN

• Two distinct types of Roman gardens can be

identified: the enclosed garden, in which buildings
entirely or partially surround the garden, and the
open garden, which surrounds a building.
• The open garden is characteristic of suburban or rural
villas, in which views from the garden over the
surrounding countryside are possible.
• This kind of design is exemplified by some of the
gardens at the emperor Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli,
east of Rome.
• Most Roman city gardens were formal in their design,
but the gardens of the great Roman villas had distinct
areas with different design characteristics.
For example, it is well known that the villa at
Tivoli contained many garden areas of formal
design, but it is less well known that other areas
were deliberately landscaped in a contrasting
informal style

The park of the emperor Nero (r. A.D.

54-68) within the walls of Rome
likewise contained formal areas along
with those that were distinctly informal
and naturalistic in their design.
 GARDEN FUNCTIONS
Roman gardens were developed to serve a variety of functions, chief among which was
the provision of outdoor locations for the enjoyment of leisure and the arts, for the
promotion and facilitation of health and exercise, and for the production of fruit and
vegetables .
USES
Gardens were not reserved for the extremely wealthy. Excavations in Pompeii
show that gardens attaching to residences were scaled down to meet the space
constraints of the home of the average Roman. Modified versions of Roman garden
designs were adopted in Roman settlements in Africa, Gaul,
and Britannia.
THE INFUENCE OF ROMAN GARDENS

BYZANTINE

ISLAMIC GARDEN

THE MIDDLE AGES

THE RENAISSANCE

THE BAROQUE

THE LANDSCAPE GARDEN

(SYMMETRICAL IN BEGNING OF 18 TH
)
CENTURY

NEO CLASSICISM

ELECTICISM

20TH CENTURY
 ROMAN GARDENS IN TWENTIETH
CENTURY
• At the turn of the twentieth century, there was a fashion for constructing villas
along the Bay of Naples in the locations of ancient Roman sites.
• The attraction was the possibility of having some excavated or partly excavated
classical ruins as one of the focal points of a villa's garden.
• This feature would give the garden a kind of instant history and an association
with the classical world that was much prized .
• Lord Astor's villa at Sorrento. Rather
than display the full panorama of the
Bay of Naples from his villa's garden,
Lord Astor constructed a high wall
along the garden's sea front. At intervals
along its length, architecturally framed
openings with tantalizing sea views
were created. The tall bamboo screen
above the wall is a modern, but
traditionally built, wind shelter for the
garden's tender plants
 ACANTHUS • Acanthus mollis CABBAGE • Brassica deracea

LIST OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD • Tagetes

erecta
CAEN ANEMONE • Anemone
coronaria
CAMPANULA • Campanula sp.

PLANTS
ALDER • Alnus sp. CAROB • Ceratonia siliqua
ALEPPO PINE • Pinus halepensis CELERY • Apium graveolens
ALLIUM • Auium sp. CHAMOMILE • Chamaemelum nobile

GROWN ALMOND • Prunus dulcís

APPLE • Malus sp.
CHERRY • Prunus cerasus (EDIBLE
CHERRY) CHICKWEED • Cerastium sp.
CITRON • Citrus medica
APRICOT • Prunus armeniaca CORIANDER • Coriandrum sativum
ARTICHOKE • Cynara scolymus CORNEL • Cornus mas
ASPARAGUS • Asparagus offidnalis CRAB APPLE • Malus sylvestris
ASTER • Aster sp. CROCUS • Crocus sativus
BASIL • Basilicum sp. CUCUMBER • Cucumis sativus
CYPRESS • Cupressus sempervirens
BAY LAUREL • Laurus nobilis DAISY • Bellis perennis
BLACKBERRY • RubuS Sp. DAMSON PLUM • Prunus damascena
BOX • Buxus sempervirens DATE PALM • Phoenix dactylifera
BULLACE • Prunus domestica DILL • Anethum graveolens
BUTCHER'S BROOM • Ruscus DUSTY MILLER • Artemisia stelleriana
aculeata
 ELM • Ulmus campestris IVY • Hederá sp.

LIST OF EVERGREEN (or "WINTER") OAK

• Quercus ilex
JUJUBE • Zizyphus jujube
JUNIPER • Juniperus communis
KIDNEY VETCH • Anthyllis
PLANTS FENNEL • Foeniculum vulgare
FENUGREEK • Trigonellafoenum-
graecum FEVERFEW •
vulneraria LARKSPUR • Delphinium
sp.
LAUREL • Prunus laurocerasus
GROWN Chrysanthemum parthenium FIG
• Ficus carica
LAUREL ROSE • Cistus laurifolius
LAURUSTINUS • Viburnum tinus
LAVENDER • Lavaudula sp.
FLAX • Linum sp.
LEEK • Allium ampeloprasum
FORGET-ME-NOT • Myosotis
LEMON • Citrus limon
arvensis GARLIC • Allium
LINDEN • Tilia Sp.
sativum
LYCHNIS • Lychnis sp.
GLADIOLUS • Gladiolus sp. MADONNA LILY • Lilium candidum
GOLDEN PLUM • Prunus itálica MAIDENHAIR FERN • Adiantum
GOURD • Cucúrbita sp. pedatum
GRAPEVINE • Vitis vinifera MALLOW • Malva sylvestris
MARIGOLD • Calendula offidnalis
HART'S-TONGUE FERN • Phyllitis
MARROW • Cucúrbita sp.
scolopendrium
HOLLOW-STEMMED BAMBOO •
possibly Arundo donax
 MARTAGÓN LILY • Lilium martagón ORACHE • Atriplex hortensis
LIST OF MEDLAR • Mespilus germánica
MELON • Cucumis meló
ORANGE • Citrus aumntium
ORIENTAL PLANE TREE •

PLANTS MILLET • Sorghum vulgare PlutuHUS OrientuUs

MORNING GLORY • Ipomoea sp PALE YELLOW KIDNEY VETCH •
HOUND'S TONGUE • Cynoglossum Anthyllis vulneraria

GROWN officinale HYACINTH • Hyacinthus

orientalis
PARSLEY • Petroselinum crispum
PARSNIP • Pastinaca sativa
IRIS • Iris sp. PEACH • Prunus pérsica
MULBERRY • M.OYUS HigYa PEAR • Pyrus communis
MUSTARD • Brassica negra PERIWINKLE • Vinca minor PINE
MYRTLE • Myrtus communis • Pinus sp.
NARCISSUS • Narcissus sp. PINK • Dianthus sp.
NETTLE TREE • Celtis aUStmlis PLANTAIN • Plantago sp.
OLEANDER • Nerium oleander POMEGRANATE • Púnica
granatum POPPY • Papaver
OLIVE • Olea europaea rhoeas
ONION • Allium cepa PURPLE PLUM • Prunus
OPIUM POPPY • Papaver domestica
somniferum PURPLE VIOLET • Viola odorata
QUINCE • Cydonia oblonga
 RADISH • Raphanus sativus STRAWBERRY • Fragaria sp.
LIST OF RASPBERRY • Rubus idaeus
ROCKET • Hesperis matronalis
STRAWBERRY TREE • Arbutus
unedo

PLANTS ROSE • Rosa sp.

ROSE OF CYRENE • possibly Rosa
SWEET CHESTNUT • Castanea
sativa THYME • Thymus sp.
TURNIP • Brassica campestris
sempervirens
GROWN ROSE OF PAESTUM • Rosa x
damascena "Bífera"
UMBRELLA PINE • Pinus pinea
VERVAIN • Verbena officinalis
WALNUT • Juglans regia
ROSE OF PRAENESTE • possibly WHITE LILY • Lilium candidum
Rosa gallica centifolia
WHITE POPLAR • Populus alba
ROSEMARY • Rosmarinus
ojficinalis WILD CHRYSANTHEMUM •
Chrysanthemum sp.
SAMPHIRE • Crithmum
maritinum s WILD STRAWBERRY • Fragaria
vesca YELLOW VIOLET • Viola
CILLA • Salla sp. lútea
SERViCEBERRY • Sorbus
domestica s
MIL AX • Smilax áspera
STONE PINE • Pinus pinea