Enzymes:: "Helper" Protein Molecules

Enzymes:
“Helper” Protein molecules

Chemical reactions of life
• Processes of life
– building molecules
• synthesis +
– breaking down molecules
• digestion +
Nothing works without enzymes!
• How important are enzymes?
– all chemical reactions in living organisms
require enzymes to work
enzyme
• building molecules
– synthesis enzymes +
• breaking down molecules enzyme

We can’t live – digestive enzymes
without enzymes! +
– enzymes speed up reactions

• “catalysts”
Enzymes
• A protein catalyst
• Enzymes are important
proteins found in living
things. An enzyme is a
protein that changes the
rate of a chemical reaction.
• They speed metabolic

reactions.
Examples
 synthesis
enzyme
+
 digestion
+
enzyme
Enzymes are proteins
• Each enzyme is the specific helper to
a specific reaction
– each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the
job
– enzymes are named for the reaction
they help
Oh, I get it! • sucrase breaks down sucrose
They end
in -ase • proteases breakdown proteins
• lipases breakdown lipids
• DNA polymerase builds DNA
Enzymes aren’t used up
• Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
– used only temporarily
– re-used again for the same reaction with other
molecules
– very little enzyme needed to help in many
reactions
substrate product
active site enzyme

It’s shape that matters!
• Lock & Key model
– shape of protein
allows enzyme &
substrate to fit
– specific enzyme for
each specific
reaction
2
3
Enzyme vocabulary
• Enzyme
– helper protein molecule
• Substrate
– molecule that enzymes work on
• Products
– what the enzyme helps produce from the
reaction
• Active site
– part of enzyme
that substrate
molecule fits into
What affects enzyme action
• Correct protein structure
– correct order of amino acids
– why? enzyme has to be right shape
• Temperature
• pH (acids & bases)
Order of amino acids
• Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job!
folded
chain of protein
amino acids
DNA right shape!
folded
protein
chain of
amino acids
wrong shape!
DNA
Temperature
• Effect on rates of enzyme activity
– Optimum temperature
• greatest number of collisions between enzyme
& substrate
• human enzymes
– 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C)
– Raise temperature (boiling)
• denature protein = unfold = lose shape
– Lower temperature T°
• molecules move slower
• fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate
Temperature
human
enzymes What’s happening
here?!
reaction rate
37°
temperature
pH
• Effect on rates of enzyme activity
– changes in pH changes protein shape~ Denatures
– most human enzymes = pH 6-8
• depends on where in body
• pepsin (stomach) = pH 3
• trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8
pH
stomach intestines
pepsin trypsin What’s happening
here?!
reaction rate
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
Energy of Activation
 Most reactions do not start spontaneously
 They require energy, such as a spark, to
get started.
 This is called activation energy
• The energy used to break the bonds in the
reactants so they can be reformed in the
products is called the energy of activation.
ENZYMES
Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the reaction rate
of biochemical reactions.
• The enzyme shown Characteristics of

is lysozyme. enzymes
• Made of proteins (or
RNA).
•They are very specific
and only work with a
certain set of reactants
or substrates that fit on
their active site.
Induced Fit
•Enzymes can be used over and over again.
When an enzyme binds with the substrate, the
bonded substrate interacts with the enzyme
causing it to change shape. This change in shape
facilitates the chemical reaction to occur. This is
called the induced fit.
Enzyme Example Ribonuclease
• Ribonuclease
decomposes RNA,
and the nucleotides
can be recycled.
• The purple part is
the enzyme; the
green part is the
substrate (RNA).
Enzymes Work by Lowering the
• Enzymes increase the reaction rate by
lowering the energy of activation.
The Enzyme Sucrase
Decomposing Sucrose
Initial Velocity
• The reaction rate of an enzymatic reaction is
always fastest at the beginning because plenty
of substrate is available.
Effect onReaction Rates
Competitive Inhibitors block enzyme activity by
mimicking the substrate.
Effect of Noncompetitive Inhibitors
and Enzymatic Reaction Rates
• Noncompetitve inhibitors block enzyme
function too, but attach a different point than
the active site.
Reactions to Know
• Hydrolysis Rxn – breaks apart a compound by

adding a water molecule.
• Dehydration Synthesis Rxn – links two
compouunds by creating and releasing a water
molecule.
• Endergonic Rxn – a reaction that requires energy.
• Exergonic Rxn – a reaction that releases energy.
• Redox Rxn – a reaction that involves transferring
electrons.

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Enzymes:: "Helper" Protein Molecules

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Enzymes:

“Helper” Protein molecules

• breaking down molecules enzyme

– enzymes speed up reactions

• They speed metabolic

active site enzyme

DNA right shape!

• The enzyme shown Characteristics of

• Hydrolysis Rxn – breaks apart a compound by

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