The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes over 1 million species and makes up around 84% of all animal species. Arthropods have been highly successful due to their exoskeleton, which provides structure, protection and aids in movement. The exoskeleton allows arthropods to grow through molting and has sensory structures. It also benefits growth through the process of tagmosis, where the body is divided into specialized regions. Joints provide flexibility while the hardened exoskeleton otherwise supports the body and aids locomotion.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes over 1 million species and makes up around 84% of all animal species. Arthropods have been highly successful due to their exoskeleton, which provides structure, protection and aids in movement. The exoskeleton allows arthropods to grow through molting and has sensory structures. It also benefits growth through the process of tagmosis, where the body is divided into specialized regions. Joints provide flexibility while the hardened exoskeleton otherwise supports the body and aids locomotion.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes over 1 million species and makes up around 84% of all animal species. Arthropods have been highly successful due to their exoskeleton, which provides structure, protection and aids in movement. The exoskeleton allows arthropods to grow through molting and has sensory structures. It also benefits growth through the process of tagmosis, where the body is divided into specialized regions. Joints provide flexibility while the hardened exoskeleton otherwise supports the body and aids locomotion.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda, which includes over 1 million species and makes up around 84% of all animal species. Arthropods have been highly successful due to their exoskeleton, which provides structure, protection and aids in movement. The exoskeleton allows arthropods to grow through molting and has sensory structures. It also benefits growth through the process of tagmosis, where the body is divided into specialized regions. Joints provide flexibility while the hardened exoskeleton otherwise supports the body and aids locomotion.
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ARTHROPODS
Phylum Arthropoda
11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 1
Phylum Arthropoda (jointed feet ) • Huge group, > 1,000,000 species. • estimate: 1,000,000 spp. arthropods 1,190,000 spp. animals • ~ 84% of all animal species are arthropods!!
11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 2
Phylum Arthropoda • How can we explain the success of the arthropods? • • Exoskeleton!
11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 3
Phylum Arthropoda • Exoskeleton of chitin and protein (= cuticle) • structure: – epicuticle (oily, waxy) – exocuticle (chitin & protein) – endocuticle (chitin only) – epidermis secretes cuticle
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Problems associated with exoskeleton. • Problem 1. MOVEMENT • Solution: Joints in exoskeleton. • arthro-, = joint • -pod, = leg, foot – Exocuticle absent from joints; may form hinges. – Endocuticle alone allows flexibility.
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Problems associated with exoskeleton. • Problem 2. GROWTH • Solution: Molting
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Molting (1)
• Secretion of "molting fluid" to dissolve old endocuticle.
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Molting (2) • New cuticle formed under old exocuticle. • Break out of old cuticle – Old cuticle breaks at line of weakness
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Molting (3) • Inflate with water/air to increase size while skeleton soft, – but soft skeleton & gravity limit size; – arthropods are mostly small. • Hardening of new exocuticle.
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Growth stages • Arthropod passes thru 3-20+ growth stages in life cycle. • Some stop molting as adults (insects, most spiders) • Some continue to molt (crayfish, tarantulas)
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Problems associated with exoskeleton. • Problem 3. SENSORY INPUT • touch – sensory setae connected to neurons • smell & taste – hollow sensory setae w/ chemosensitive nerve endings
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Problems associated with exoskeleton. • Problem 3. SENSORY INPUT • vision – clear cuticle over compound or simple eyes
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Problems associated with exoskeleton. • Problem 3. SENSORY INPUT • hearing – tympanum = endocuticle, vibrates like eardrum – trichobothria (right )
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Benefits of Exoskeleton: to individuals: • Support • Locomotion – lever system • walk, swim, fly • Mechanical protection (armor) • Retards evaporation (in air) and/or osmosis (in water) – water balance.
11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 14
Benefits of Exoskeleton: to the phylum: • Reduction of coelom & segmentation – Abandoned hydrostatic system of annelid-like ancestor) – Coelom reduced to pericardial cavity • Segments fused = tagma, tagmata – Tagmosis – Specialization of body regions (= tagmata) – Specialization of appendages 11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 15 Tagmosis • Head (~ 4-6 segments) – feeding, sensation • Head appendages – mandibles, – maxillae, – maxillipeds, – chelicerae – antennae
Tagmosis • Number of segments/legs in each tagma varies by subphylum, class. – Cephalothorax of 6 segments in Chelicerata • 1 pr. chelicerae • 1 pr. pedipalps • 4 pr. walking legs – Cephalothorax of 13 segments in Crustacea (shrimps) • 2 pr. antennae • 1 pr. mandibles • 2 pr. maxillae • 3 pr. maxillipeds • 5 pr. walking legs (1st pair modified as chelipeds) 11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 19 Other arthropod characters • Open circulatory system – Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph over brain – Hemolymph moves through hemocoel back toward heart – Ostia (holes) in sides of heart let hemolymph in to go around again.
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Other arthropod characters • Respiratory systems – Gills in aquatic/marine arthropods – Tracheal systems in most terrestrial arthropods – Book lungs (modified gills) in spiders & scorpions
11 Nov. 2008 Arthropoda.ppt 21
Other arthropod characters • Nervous system resembles that of annelid – Dorsal brain with nerves around esophagus – Paired ventral nerve cords – Segmental ganglia • Often fused into 1-2 ganglia in each tagma
