STAT001 Modules 4-6

Random Sampling,
Sampling Distribution,
and the Central Limit Theorem
 Sampling

• First, where do we use sampling?

– Surveys
– Research
• For example: Survey on election pulsing
• Let’s watch a short video clip from CNN’s The Source (9:05-10:34):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7bk6SKb0Pc&t=545s
STAT001 Module 4.0

Random Sampling
Intended learning Outcome

• Illustrate random sampling

• Distinguish between parameter and statistic
4.0 Random Sampling

Definition: Random sampling is a part of the sampling

technique in which each sample has an equal probability of
being chosen.
A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased
representation of the total population.
If for some reasons, the sample does not represent the
population, the variation is called a sampling error.
4.0 Random Sampling

Description: Random sampling is one of the simplest forms of

collecting data from the total population.
A sample is a group in a research study on which information is
obtained.
A population is a group to which the results of the study are intended
to apply.
Sampling refers to the process of selecting individuals that will
participate as a part of the study.
Population vs. Sample
4.0 Random Sampling

An unbiased sample can be an accurate representation of

the entire population and can help you draw conclusions
about the population.

Sampling errors are statistical errors that arise when a

sample does not represent the whole population. They are
the difference between the real values of the population and
the values derived by using samples from the population.
Random Sampling

Random Sampling - a process whose members

have an equal chance of being selected from the
population; it is also called probability sampling.
Four Types of Random Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling - a process of randomly

selecting n sample size in a population.
Examples: Draw lots, Fishbowl method, Random number generators
(Let’s try Google random number generator against class list)

2. Systematic Sampling - a process of selecting a kth element

in the population until the desired number of respondents is
obtained.
(Let’s try getting the 5th person in the class list)
Four Types of Random Sampling

3. Stratified Sampling - a process of subdividing the

population into subgroups and strata.
Examples: per strand, per gender, per level

4. Cluster Sampling - a process of selecting clusters

from a population which id very large or widely
spread geographical area.
Examples: per region, per city, per municipality
Non-random Sampling

Non-random Sampling - a sampling procedure

where samples are selected in a deliberate
manner with little or no attention to
randomization;
-it is also called non-probability sampling.
Six Types of Non-random Sampling

1. Convenience Sampling - is a process of selecting a group

of individuals who are conveniently available for the study
Example: give survey to whomever is met in the corridor

2. Purposive Sampling - is a process of selecting based on

judgement to select a sample which the researcher believed,
based on the information needed.
Examples: students with ethnic backgrounds, foreign descent
Six Types of Non-random Sampling

3. Quota Sampling - is applied when an investigator survey collects

information from an assigned number, or quota of individuals.
Example: fill up the number of participants even if not randomly selected

4. Snowball Sampling - is a technique in which one or more

members of the population are located and used to lead the
researchers to other members of the population.
Example: you will survey college students with ECE course and ask them to lead you
to others
Six Types of Non-random Sampling

5. Voluntary Sampling - is a technique when sample are composed of

respondents who are self-selected into the study/survey.
Example: you go per class and ask for volunteer respondents for a specific topic, e.g. E-sports
players

6. Judgement Sampling - is a technique when the researcher relies on

his personal judgement in choosing the participants in the study or the
sample selected is based on the opinion of the expert.
Example: attendees of otaku events as participants in Japanese culture research
Sampling Distribution
Sampling Distribution of Sampling Mean
Parameters and Statistic
• Parameter is a measure or
characteristic obtained by using all the
data values in the population.
• The parameter is usually referred to as
the true value of the population.
• Parameters are numbers that
summarize data for an entire population.
Parameters and Statistic
• Statistic is a measure or characteristic
obtained by using on the data values in
a sample.
• A statistic is, therefore, an estimate of
the parameters.
• Statistics are numbers that summarize
data from a sample.
• Researchers use sampling in taking a census of the entire
population is impractical.
• Data from the sample are used to calculate statistics,
which are estimates of the corresponding population
parameter.
• The descriptive measures computed from  a population
are called parameters while descriptive measures
computed from a sample are called statistics.
• We then conclude that the sample mean is an estimate of
the population mean.
Mean
• What is the average number of students
per class?
• What is the average number of followers
on Instagram?
• What is the average approval rating of the
government officials?
• Mean – the average
Compute the Means of the ff.
Well done!
Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

A population consists of the number 2, 4,

9, 10 and 5. Let us list all the possible
samples of size 3 from this population and
compute the mean of each sample.
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the number of samples using the formula

• The number of samples of size n that

can be drawn from a population of size
N is given by NCn.
Just to refresh… but we can use sci cal…

Source:
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/combinations.html
For Combinations (NCr)

If you use the formula: Example: How to type in Sci. Cal.:

Don’t forget to place “times”

symbol in syntax because they are
numbers already.
In the formula, they are variables,
so there is no “times” symbol.
 Try this online scientific calculator
• https://www.meta-calculator.com/scientific-calculator.php?pane
l-201-calculator
 Using Sci Cal for
STAT001
Visit YouTube Video Tutorials Playlist Link:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwmk-eSR
ptf4SSVObJtzEBSqjYOUQ4qG0
Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
STEP 2: Possible Samples and their Sample Means
A population Sample Sample Mean
consists of the 2,4,9 5.00
number 2, 4, 9, 10
and 5. Let us list all
the possible samples
of size 3 from this
population and
compute the mean
of each sample.

{2,4,9,10,5}
N=5
n=3
NCn=10
Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
STEP 2: Possible Samples and their Sample Means

Sample Sample Mean

2,4,9 5.00
{2,4,9,10,5} 2,4,10 5.33
N=5 2,4,5 3.67
n=3 2,9,10 7.00
2,9,5 5.33
NCn=10 2,10,5 5.67
4,9,10 7.67
4,9,5 6.00
4,10,5 6.33
9,10,5 8.00
Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
STEP 3: Frequency Distribution of Sample Means

Sample Sample Mean

Sample Mean Frequency
2,4,9 5.00
5.00
2,4,10 5.33
5.33
2,4,5 3.67
3.67
2,9,10 7.00
7.00
2,9,5 5.33
5.67
2,10,5 5.67
7.67
4,9,10 7.67
6.00
4,9,5 6.00
6.33
4,10,5 6.33
8.00
9,10,5 8.00
Sample Distribution of Sample Means
• Observe that the means vary from sample to
sample.
• Thus, any mean based on the sample drawn from a
population is expected to assume different values
for the samples.
• Meaning, sample mean is a random variable,
which depend on the particular sample.
• Being a random variable, it has a probability
distribution.
• The probability distribution of the sample means is
called the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
Note!
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

• A sampling distribution of sample

means is a probability distribution using
the means computed from all possible
random samples of specific size taken
from a population
Activity 1 :Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
STEP 4: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Sample Mean Frequency Probability

3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n = 10
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
Mean Frequency Probability
3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n = 10 1.00
Well done!
Reminder:
Answer all the Assessment Tasks per
module on time.
• Module 4.0
• Discussion 4.0 – PETA4
• Quiz 4.0
• Module 5.0 (unlock by finishing Module 4)
• Discussion 5.0 – PETA5
• Quiz 5.0
• Answering Practice Exercises before the
quizzes helps a lot!