“Nanorobotics as

medicament”

Under Supervision Of Presented By

Jyothi M.V
Chandana.K.S
12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 1
 CONTENTS
 WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY
 WHAT ARE NANOROBOTS?
 WHY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD?
 PRINCIPLES OF NANOROBOTIC APPLICATIONS
 APPLICATIONS OF NANOROBOTS IN MEDICAL FIELD
 DESIGN ISSUES
 FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
 SAFETY ISSUES
 CHALLENGES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 2

 What is Nanotechnology
• the study of the controlling of
matter on an atomic and
molecular scale.
• deals with structures sized
between 1 to 100 nanometer in at
least one dimension.
• involves developing materials or
devices within that size.

12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm

1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7

12/09/2021
× 10-9 m
Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 3
 WHAT ARE NANOROBOTS?

 Nanorobots are tiny machines used to cure

diseases in human or in any organism.

 Performs task at nanoscale dimensions.

 The size of nanorobots is 10 -9.

 The prefix ‘nano’ means billionth.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 4

 WHY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

 Today's surgical tools are, at

this scale, large and crude.

 more suited to tear and

injure than heal and cure.

 cells have a remarkable

ability to regroup, bury their
dead and heal over the
injury.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 5

 WHY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

 “The manufacturing technology of the 21st century”.

 computer controlled molecular tools much smaller than a human

cell and built with the accuracy and precision of drug molecules.

 Such tools will medicine, for the first time, intervene in a

sophisticated and controlled way at the cellular and molecular level.

 They remove obstructions in the circulatory system, kill cancer cells,

or take over the function of subcellular organelles.

 Just as today we have the artifical heart, so in the future we could

have the artificial mitochondrion.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 6

PRINCIPLES OF NANOROBOTIC
APPLICATIONS

Three key required pieces

to advance the
development and
implementation of
medical nanorobotics
 Equipment prototyping
 The manufacturing
technology
 Inside-body
12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept
transduction 7
APPLICATIONS OF NANOROBOTS
IN MEDICAL FIELD

Respirocyte

Heart surgery

Cancer Treatment

Joint Replacements
12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 8
 RESPIROCYTE
 Artificial Red Blood Cells
 Enough for 36 hours of
oxygen at rest
 Spacewalks, Deep Sea diving
 1/2 L would be enough to hold
your breath at the bottom of a
pool for 4 hours or sprint at
olympic speed for 12 minutes
without taking a breath
 built of 18 billion precisely
arranged structural atoms
 exchange gasses via
molecular sorting rotors

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 9

 DESIGN

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 10

 Heart surgery
• Blood vessels play an important role in
supplying blood to all parts of our body.
• Due to the fatty deposition on the walls of
blood vessels blood will not move freely to all
parts.
• These leads to heart attacks and damage the
vital organs.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 11

STRUCTURE OF NANOROBOT IN HEART
SURGERY
Molecular sorting rotors:
• Made up of carbon nanotubes.
• Sheet of carbon atom forms a carbon nanotubes.
• SWNT’s can be used to generate mechanical motion.
• Nanotube with nanogears used for changing the
direction of movement.
Propeller:
• in nanorobots it is used to drive forward against the
blood stream.
Fins:
• Fitted along with the propellers used to propel the
device.
Sensors:
• Fitted externally and internally with the nanorobots
to receive the
12/09/2021
• Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept
signal for correct guidance. 12
 CANCER TREATMENT
A. THERASPHERES

• delivers radiation directly to

the tumor cells in the liver
using glass microsphere.
– The size of a microsphere is
20-30 µm in diameter
• It has currently been used in
the U.S., Canada and
Australia.
Comparison of a human hair with
Therasphere.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 13

 CANCER TREATMENT
A. THERASPHERES

• It consists of microspheres of 17Y2O3-19Al2O3-

64SiO2 (mole %) glass.
• 89Yttrium in this glass is non-radioactive.
• guided via a catheter into the hepatic artery, the
liver’s main blood vessel.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 14

 CANCER TREATMENT
A. THERASPHERES

• the radiation-laden spheres get stuck

within the smaller blood cells that
sustain tumors.
– These spheres produce radiation only to
tissue with an average range of 2.5 mm
and maximum range of less than 1 cm.
• The Beta energy is then able to attack
the tumor with minimal residual
damage to the liver.
– The 90yttrium then decays to stable
90zirconium.

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 15

 CANCER TREATMENT
A. THERASPHERES

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 16

 CANCER TREATMENT
B. HYPERTHERMIA

• Cancerous cells are poorly supplied with oxygen to

produce lactic acid.
– Therefore, these cells can be destroyed around 43oC.

• Because the tumor tissue has higher heat sensitivity and

smaller cooling effect

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 17

 CANCER TREATMENT
B. HYPERTHERMIA

• a ferromagnetic glass-ceramic containing

36 weight % of magnetite (Fe3O4) in a
CaO-SiO2 matrix.

• These materials are injected to the

cancerous cells in the form of
microsphere in the size of 20 – 30 µm in
diameter through the blood vessels.

• Upon exposure to alternating magnetic

field, these ferri- or ferromagnetic
particles radiates off heat by magnetic
After injection of ferri-/ferromagnetic particles,
it is exposed to alternating magnetic field. hysteresis loss which in turn rises the
temperature of the cancerous cells
causing it to die.
12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 18
 JOINT REPLACEMENTS
Titanium Joints • Conventional artificial joints are made
of titanium to which osteoblasts adhere
to upon implant.

– Conventional titanium have surface

features on the scale of microns

– Any tiny rejection response can Weaken the

implant attachment Become loose and
painful

• osteoblasts would adhere much better to

Human Osteoblasts
materials

– Having the same chemistry as DNA makes

SEM of SWNT. it easy for other body protein components to
attach to the surface of these nanotubes.
12/09/2021
Preventing rejection response
Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 19
 JOINT REPLACEMENTS

• The self-assembling nanotubes are made

of guanine and cytosine, which are called
“base pairs” molecules that come together
to form DNA.

• They are programmed to link in groups of

six to form rosette-shaped rings.

• Numerous rings then combine together to

form the rod-like nanotubes with the
width of only about 3.5 nanometers.

Self-assembly of rosette-shaped rings of

nanotubes .
12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 20
 DESIGN ISSUES
INJECTION OF NANOROBOTS
• Find a way to introduce nanorobots into the body for surgery.
• Allow it to do the operation without ancillary damage.
• Femoral artery in the leg is considered to be a largest artery in our body.

NAVIGATION
• Nanorobots use blood flow for its movement.

• In order to move the nanorobots in blood flow,

 Speed of blood
 Get through the heart without stuck
Fig: Navigation of nanorobots into
 React with changes in blood flow rate
blood vessels.
 Able to change the direction according to the blood stream

• To satisfy this, nanorobots should be made with electric motors to turn propeller

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 21

 DESIGN ISSUES
POSITIONING
• ultrasonic technique.
• Nanorobots must be able to produce
ultrasonic waves by passing a signal to
piezoelectric membrane.
• Several signal processing techniques
are used to track this ultrasonic signal
and to find the location at any time.
DETECTION Fig: An imaginary picture of
• Sensors are used to locate the fatty deposits. nanorobot with the blood
• To control the nanorobots as per our wish fit the stream

TV camera .
• Sensors are used to receive the signals and do the
operations
• according to signals send by remote control
unit.
 DESTRUCTION
To take nanorobots from the body we use two
Fig: Nanorobots towards a destination
methods one
12/09/2021
is retrace our path upstream another
Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept
is 22
making small surgery to remove.
 FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
Repairing Radiation Damage
 NASA Research - Repairing Radiation Damage
– Infinitesimal Bullets
– Detect protein from damaged cells and repair
Artificial White Blood Cells
 Freitas: Microbivores
– Artificial white blood cells
– Fully eliminate pathogens and viruses in minutes
compared to weeks or months
– Greatly reduce need for doctors, drug companies,
healthcare, etc.
Extending Lifespan
 Using nano-fabrication and self-assembly,
 Clean out any other toxins and undegradable material that
naturally remains in cells, contributing to agine

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 23

 SAFTY ISSUES

 Nanoparticles are too small for the immune system to

detect

 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
– 20 nm - all rats died within 4 hours
– 150 nm - no adverse effects

 Crossing the blood-brain barrier

 Quantum Dots in cells

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 24
 CHALLENGES

• Prevention of drug from biological degradation

• Effective Targeting

• Patient Compliance

• Cost effectiveness

• Product life extension

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 25

 CONCLUSION

 Nanomaterials have great promise in the medical

field

 All safety concerns must be addressed on an

individual basis

 Effect on society must be considered

 Ethical Questions must be addressed

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 26
 REFERENCES
• 1. Nanorobotics as medicament: (Perfect solution for cancer): Emerging Trends in
Robotics and Communication Technologies (INTERACT), 2010 International
Conference. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, IEEE CONFERENCES
• 2. Use of nanorobots in heart transplantation: Emerging Trends in Robotics and
Communication Technologies (INTERACT), 2010 International Conference.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, IEEE CONFERENCES
• 3. Nanorobots in cancer treatment: Emerging Trends in Robotics and
Communication Technologies (INTERACT), 2010 International Conference on ,
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, IEEE CONFERENCES
• 4. Nanotechnology: Book by Richard booker and earl boysen , wiley publications
USA, 2010 edition.
• 5. Nanotechnology : a gentle introduction to the next big idea by Mark A. Ratner,
Daniel Ratner
• 6. Introduction to Nanotechnology by Charles P. Poole, Jr., Charles P. Poole, Frank J.
Owens
• 7. Cancer-fighting
12/09/2021 technology (http:/Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I,
/ www. physorg. E.C.Dept com/ news116071209. html)27
 QUERIES

Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 12/09/2021 28

12/09/2021 Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 29