Animal Model

ANIMAL MODEL
Presented by
Dian Rizkiaditama
Hilyatul Azizah
Rispah Hamzah
Biology Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty,

Brawijaya University, Malang
WHAT IS ANIMAL MODEL?
Animal models are used to study the development and

progression of diseases and to test new treatments before
they are given to humans.
LEGAL BASIS OF RESEARCH ON ANIMALS
MODELS IN INDONESIA
1. At the national level
Law no. 23/1992 concerning Health
Law no. 36/2009 concerning Health
“Article 44 paragraph 4: Research on animals must be its sustainability is
guaranteed and prevent impacts bad that is not direct to humans”
2. Government Regulation No. 39 of 1995 concerning Health

Research and Development
3. National Health Ethics Research Guidebook (PNEPK), MOH RI, 2007

in accordance with SK Menkes 1031/2005 concerning PNEPK, and 6
Books The supplement
4. Decree of the Minister of Health No. 1333/2002 concerning

Approval Health Research on Humans
INTERNATIONAL AND NASIONAL DOCUMENT
FOR ETHICS RESEARCH
1. Guide for The Care and Use Laboratory Animals, Edisi 8, tahun 2011.
2. Universal Declaration for The Welfare of Animals, tahun 2003.
3. Guidelines of the care and use of Animals of Scientific purposes,

National Advisory Committee Laboratory Animal Research, tahun 2004
4. Guide for The Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching.
Federation of Animal Science Societies Third Edition, January 2010.
5. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook, OLAW 2nd

edition, 2002.
6. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia No. 18 tahun 2009 tentang

peternakan da kesehatan hewan
7. Pedoman Nasional Etik Penelitian Kesehatan (2011)

Ethical guidelines for health research specifically the
use of animal Models were the October 2004 Helsinki
Declaration in Tokyo, Japan points 11 and 12
Point 11. Health research that includes humans as research

subjects must fulfill scientific principles that have been generally
accepted, based on careful knowledge from scientific literature
and other sources of information, adequate laboratory
experiments and if appropriate animal experiments
Point 12. Appropriate caution must be

applied to research that can affect the
environment and animal welfare used in
research must be respected
ETHICAL EQUIPMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS
USE
Researce benefit quite worth the benefit
Research Design In Addition to the General

Agreement so the possibility of such research
achieves the goal
Research objectives May not be achieved when the

animals are replaced with subjects or alternative
procedur
The benefits that will be obtained much mean more

compared to the suffering was tried by animal
models
BASIC PRINCIPLES USING OF ANIMAL MODELS
1. To advance biological knowledge and develop better ways to protect human

health and well-being and require experiments in whole animal species
2. If feasible, use computer simulation, mathematical and invitro methods to
reduce the number of experimental animals
3. Animal experiments can only be done with careful consideration, there is
strong relevance to human health and the promotion of biological knowledge
4. Researchers / implementers of research must do animals as sentient beings
5. Researchers must assume that procedures that cause pain in humans also
cause pain in experimental animals
6. The procedure that causes pain must be with normal anesthesia
7. At the end of the study animals suffering from severe pain, disability must be
switched off without pain
8. Animals that are used for biomedical research must be guaranteed in the best
living conditions based on animal laboratory science
PRINCIPLE OF 3 R
REPLACEMENT
REDUCTION
REFINMEN
5 FREEDOM OF ANIMAL WELFARE
According to the American Veterinary Association

(American Veterinary Medical Association - AVMA):
1. Free of thirst, hunger and 2. Free from

malnutrition; discomfort;
3. Free from 4. Free to

5. Free from
pain, injury express normal
fear and stress
and disease; behavior
EUTHANASIA METHOD
According to Franson basic
methods of euthanasia are divided
into physical and chemical :
a. Physical Euthanasia
consists of:
1. Cervical dislocation
procedures.
2. Decapitation (brain damage
through the neck)
3. Stunning & exsanguinations
(blood removal)
4. Captive bolt or gunshot and
Rietveld
b. Chemical Euthanasia, which includes toxin agents in the
body by injection or inhalation
Basically euthanasia is permissible if the benefits obtained are greater than the sacrifice of
the animal and the animal does not suffer.
Experts agree that the main basis for euthanasia is to minimize fear and pain from animals
Its legal basis, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee based in America has
published Guidelines for Animal Euthanasia
Study Case 1
 The purpose of this study is to evaluate
green fluorescent protein (GFP)
transgenic rats for use as a tool for organ
transplantation research.
PROCEDURE:
• Male GFP transgenic rats were used at the age of 8 to 12 weeks
• Normal male LEW rats (RT11) originall purchased from Clea Japan (Tokyo, Japan)
were used at the age of 10 to 12 weeks.
• The GFP transgenic rats were sacrificed at the age of 6 weeks. The expression of
GFP gene in various organs was examined using a CCD camera under 489-nm
excitation light (fluorescent microscope, MZFL III, Leica)
FIG. 1. GFP expression
patterns in various
tissues in GFP Tg rat.
Each organ on the
right was obtained
from GFP Tg rats,
whereas those
on the left were from
normal Wistar rats.
Marked expressions of
GFP were observed
under excitation light
(489 nm).
The objective of the present study was
to investigate the possible modulatory
effect and anxiety disorders in Rats.
Procedure :
• The rats are selectively bred to obtain high- and low- conditioned fear
• Housing, food and drink are given as their need
• This research uses footshock electric method
The chamber of electric footshock
The experimental procedures reported herein were performed in accordance with the
guidelines for experimental animal research established by the Brazilian Society of
Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC) and the National Institutes of Health Guide for
the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Animal handling and the methods of sacrifice
were reviewed and approved by the Committee for Animal Care and Use of PUC-Rio
(protocol no. 20/2009)
In order to evaluate nerve regeneration in clinically relevant hindlimb
surgical paradigms not feasible in fluorescent mice models, we developed
a rat that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in neural tissue.
Procedure :
• Transgenic rats were ... (BOR1-tg plasmid, a generous gift from
Joshua Sanes, ...)
• Animals were maintained in a central housing facility.
• Animals were anesthetized with a subcutaneous injection of
ketamine and medetomidine.
• All surgical techniques were done under aseptic conditions and
performed using a standard dissecting microscop.
animals were randomized into six groups (n = 4) based on experimental endpoint
(t = 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days)
Study Case 2
ANIMAL WELFARE
VIOLATIONS
1

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ANIMAL MODEL

Biology Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty,

Animal models are used to study the development and

2. Government Regulation No. 39 of 1995 concerning Health

3. National Health Ethics Research Guidebook (PNEPK), MOH RI, 2007

4. Decree of the Minister of Health No. 1333/2002 concerning

2. Universal Declaration for The Welfare of Animals, tahun 2003.

3. Guidelines of the care and use of Animals of Scientific purposes,

5. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook, OLAW 2nd

6. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia No. 18 tahun 2009 tentang

7. Pedoman Nasional Etik Penelitian Kesehatan (2011)

Point 11. Health research that includes humans as research

Point 12. Appropriate caution must be

Research Design In Addition to the General

Research objectives May not be achieved when the

The benefits that will be obtained much mean more

1. To advance biological knowledge and develop better ways to protect human

According to the American Veterinary Association

1. Free of thirst, hunger and 2. Free from

3. Free from 4. Free to

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