Art Movements 1

A historical approach in understanding the development of art

By: Prof. James Owen G. Sagunsin

Coverage:

▪ Development of art
▪ Famous artists per era
▪ Significant historical events
▪ Famous artworks
Timeline

▪ Stone Age (30,000 b.c.–2500 b.c.)

▪ Mesopotamian (3500 b.c.–539 b.c.)
▪ Egyptian (3100 b.c.–30 b.c.)
▪ Greek and Hellenistic (850 b.c.–31 b.c.)
▪ Roman (500 b.c.– a.d. 476)
▪ Indian, Chinese, and Japanese(653 b.c.–a.d. 1900)
▪ Byzantine and Islamic (a.d. 476–a.d.1453)
▪ Middle Ages (500–1400)
▪ Early and High Renaissance (1400–1550)
Stone Age (30,000 b.c.–
2500 b.c.)
Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic structures
Ice Age ends (10,000 b.c.–8,000 b.c.); New Stone Age and
first permanent settlements (8000 b.c.–2500 b.c.)
Lascaux Cave Paintings The 15,000- to 17,000-year-old
paintings, consisting mostly of
animal representations, are
among the finest examples of
art from the Upper Paleolithic
period.
The art at Lascaux was both
painted on and engraved into
the uneven walls of the cave,
the artists working with the
edges and curves of the walls
to enhance their compositions.
The resulting impressive
displays depict mainly animals,
but also a significant amount
of abstract symbols, and even
a human.
Woman of Willendorf

The Venus of Willendorf is an 11.1-centimetre-tall (4.4

in) Venus figurine estimated to have been made 30,000
BCE. It has been suggested that she is a fertility figure,
a good-luck totem, a mother goddess symbol, or an
aphrodisiac made by men for the appreciation of men.
Stonehenge
One of the most popular
beliefs was that
Stonehenge was built by
the Druids. These high
priests of the Celts,
constructed it for sacrificial
ceremonies.
This set of stones laid out
in concentric rings and
horseshoe shapes on the
empty Salisbury Plain, is,
at the age of 4,000 years,
one of the oldest, and
certainly best preserved,
megalithic (ancient stone)
structures on Earth.
Mesopotamian (3500 b.c.–539 b.c.)

▪ Warrior art and narration in stone relief

▪ Sumerians invent writing (3400 b.c.); Hammurabi writes his law code
(1780 b.c.); Abraham founds monotheism
Standard of Ur The Standard of Ur is a
Sumerian artifact of the
3rd millennium BC that
is now in the collection
of the British Museum.
It comprises a hollow
wooden box measuring
21.59 centimetres wide
by 49.53 centimetres
long, inlaid with a
mosaic of shell, red
limestone and lapis
lazuli. It comes from the
ancient city of Ur.
It was found in a royal
tomb in Ur in the 1920s
next to the skeleton of a
ritually sacrificed man
who may have been its
bearer.
Gate of Ishtar

The Ishtar Gate was the

eighth gate to the inner
city of Babylon. It was
constructed in about 575
BCE by order of King
Nebuchadnezzar II on the
north side of the city. It
was part of a grand walled
processional way leading
into the city.
The Ishtar Gate, named
after a Mesopotamian
goddess of love and war,
was one of eight gateways
that provided entry to the
inner city of Babylon.
Stele of Hammurabi’s Code

The Hammurabi code of laws, a

collection of 282 rules, established
standards for commercial interactions
and set fines and punishments to meet
the requirements of justice.
Hammurabi's Code was carved onto a
massive, finger-shaped black stone
stele (pillar) that was looted by
invaders and finally rediscovered in
1901.
Egyptian (3100 b.c.–30 b.c.)

▪ Art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb painting

▪ Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3100 b.c.); Rameses II battles the
Hittites (1274 b.c.); Cleopatra dies (30 b.c.)
Imhotep

▪ Imhotep was an Egyptian

chancellor to the pharaoh
Djoser, probable architect of
the Djoser's step pyramid, and
high priest of the sun god Ra at
Heliopolis. Very little is known
of Imhotep as a historical
figure, but in the 3000 years
following his death, he was
gradually glorified and deified.
Step Pyramid
A step pyramid or
stepped pyramid is an
architectural structure
that uses flat platforms,
or steps, receding from
the ground up, to
achieve a completed
shape similar to a
geometric pyramid.
Step pyramids are
structures which
characterized several
cultures throughout
history, in several
locations throughout
the world.
Great Pyramids
The Great Pyramid
of Giza is the oldest
and largest of the
three pyramids in
the Giza pyramid
complex bordering
present-day Giza in
Greater Cairo,
Egypt. It is the
oldest of the Seven
Wonders of the
Ancient World, and
the only one to
remain largely
intact.
Bust of Nefertiti

▪ The Nefertiti Bust is a painted

stucco-coated limestone bust
of Nefertiti, the Great Royal
Wife of Egyptian pharaoh
Akhenaten. The work is
believed to have been crafted
in 1345 B.C. by Thutmose
because it was found in his
workshop in Amarna, Egypt. It
is one of the most copied works
of ancient Egypt.
Greek and Hellenistic (850 b.c.–31
b.c.)

▪ Greek idealism: balance, perfect proportions;

architecturalorders(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian).

▪ Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490 b.c.); Peloponnesian Wars

(431 b.c.–404 b.c.); Alexander the Great’s conquests(336 b.c.–323 b.c.)
Parthenon
Built in the 5 century B.C.,
it was a symbol of the
power, wealth and
elevated culture of Athens.
It was the largest and most
lavish temple the Greek
mainland had ever seen.
Today, it is one of the most
recognized buildings in the
world and an enduring
symbol of Ancient Greece.
The Parthenon is a former
temple on the Athenian
Acropolis, Greece,
dedicated to the goddess
Athena, whom the people
of Athens considered their
patron.
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian orders

▪ Doric = Power
▪ Ionic = Intelligence
▪ Corinthian = Beauty
Roman (500 b.c.– a.d. 476)

▪ Roman realism: practical and down to earth; the arch. The Roman
arch was the foundation of Rome's architectural mastery and
massive expanse of building projects across the ancient world. It
allowed the Romans to make bigger buildings, longer roads, and
better aqueducts. The Roman arch is the ancestor of modern
architecture.
▪ Julius Caesar assassinated (44 b.c.); Augustus proclaimed Emperor
(27 b.c.); Diocletian splits Empire (a.d. 292); Rome falls (a.d. 476)
Augustus of rimaporta
Augustus of Prima Porta
is a full-length portrait
statue of Augustus
Caesar, the first
emperor of the Roman
Empire. The marble
statue stands 2.08
meters tall and weighs
1,000 kg. The statue was
discovered on April 20,
1863 at the Villa of Livia
owned by Augustus’
third wife, Livia Drusilla
in Prima Porta.
Colosseum

The Colosseum or
Coliseum, also known as
the Flavian
Amphitheatre, is an oval
amphitheatre in the
centre of the city of
Rome, Italy. Built of
travertine limestone,
tuff, and brick-faced
concrete, it was the
largest amphitheatre
ever built at the time
and held 50,000 to
80,000 spectators.
Trajan’s Column

Trajan's Column is a
Roman triumphal
column in Rome, Italy,
that commemorates
Roman emperor Trajan's
victory in the Dacian
Wars. It was probably
constructed under the
supervision of the
architect Apollodorus of
Damascus at the order
of the Roman Senate
Pantheon

The Pantheon is a
former Roman temple,
now a Catholic church,
in Rome, Italy, on the
site of an earlier temple
commissioned by
Marcus Agrippa during
the reign of Augustus. It
was rebuilt by the
emperor Hadrian and
probably dedicated
about 126 AD.
Indian, Chinese, and Japanese(653 b.c.–
a.d. 1900)

▪ Serene, meditative art, and Arts of the Floating World.

▪ Birth of Buddha (563 b.c.); Silk Road opens (1st century b.c.);
▪ Buddhism spreads to China (1st–2nd centuries a.d.) and Japan (5th
century a.d.)
Gu Kaizhi

▪ Gu Kaizhi (simplified Chinese: was a

Chinese painter and politician. He
was a celebrated painter of ancient
China. He was born in Wuxi and first
painted at Nanjing in 364. He was
also a talented poet and calligrapher.
He wrote three books about painting
theory: He wrote: "In figure paintings
the clothes and the appearances were
not very important. The eyes were
the spirit and the decisive factor.
▪ Gu's art is known today through
copies of several silk handscroll
paintings attributed to him.
Li Cheng
Guo Xi
Hokusai Born on 31 October
1760 – 10 May
1849), known
simply as Hokusai,
was a Japanese
artist, ukiyo-e
painter and
printmaker of the
Edo period. Born in
Edo (now Tokyo),
Hokusai is best
known as author of
the woodblock print
series Thirty-six
Views of Mount
Fuji.
36 Views of Mt. Fuji
Hiroshige
Hirosige
Byzantine and Islamic (a.d. 476–
a.d.1453)

▪ Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture and amazing

maze-like design
▪ Justinian partly restores Western Roman Empire (a.d.533–a.d. 562);
Iconoclasm Controversy (a.d. 726–a.d.843); Birth of Islam (a.d. 610)
and Muslim Conquests (a.d.632–a.d. 732)
Hagia Sophia

The Hagia Sophia is one

of the most important
Byzantine structures
ever built. It holds
historical significance as
a culminating feature of
the Christian era Roman
Empire and stands as a
monument to artistic
and architectural
achievement.
Great Mosque of Ayasofya

Hagia Sophia, officially

the Great Mosque of
Ayasofya and formerly
the Church of Hagia
Sophia, is a Late
Antique place of
worship in Istanbul's
capital district of Fatih.
Andrei Rublev

Andrei Rublev was

born in the 1360s,
and died between
1427 and 1430 in
Moscow. He is
considered to be
one of the greatest
medieval Russian
painters of
Orthodox Christian
icons and frescos.
The Great Mosque of Cordova

The Mosque–Cathedral
of Córdoba, officially
known by its
ecclesiastical name, the
Cathedral of Our Lady
of the Assumption, is
the Catholic cathedral
of the Diocese of
Córdoba dedicated to
the Assumption of the
Virgin Mary and located
in the Spanish region of
Andalusia.
The Great Mosque of Cordova

The Great Mosque of

Córdoba held a place of
importance amongst
the Islamic community
of al-Andalus for three
centuries. ... It served as
a central Prayer hall for
personal devotion, the
five daily Muslim
prayers and the special
Friday prayers.
The
Alhambra

It was completed a
century later during the
reign of Yusuf I. The
Emirate of Granada was
the last Muslim dynasty
on the Iberian Peninsula
to capitulate in the
Catholic Reconquista, in
1492. ... It is the most
important surviving
remnant of the period
of Islamic rule in the
Iberian Peninsula (711–
1492).
Middle Ages (500–1400)

▪ Celtic art, Carolingian Renaissance, Romanesque, Gothic

▪ Viking Raids (793–1066);
▪ Battle of Hastings (1066);
▪ Crusades I–IV (1095–1204);
▪ Black Death(1347–1351);
▪ Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453)
St. Sernin

The Basilica of
Saint-Sernin is a
church in Toulouse,
France, the former
abbey church of the
Abbey of Saint-
Sernin or St
Saturnin. Apart
from the church,
none of the abbey
buildings remain.
Durham Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of
Christ, Blessed Mary the
Virgin and St Cuthbert
of Durham, commonly
known as Durham
Cathedral and home of
the Shrine of St
Cuthbert, is a cathedral
in the city of Durham,
England. It is the seat of
the Bishop of Durham,
the fourth-ranked
bishop in the Church of
England hierarchy
Notre Dame
Notre Dame

▪ Notre-Dame de Paris, referred to simply

as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic
cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the 4th
arrondissement of Paris. The cathedral
was consecrated to the Virgin Mary and
considered to be one of the finest
examples of French Gothic architecture.
▪ On 15 April 2019, just before 18:20 CEST,
a structure fire broke out beneath the
roof of Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral
in Paris. By the time it was extinguished,
the building's spire collapsed and most
of its roof had been destroyed and its
upper walls severely damaged.
Duccio
Duccio di
Buoninsegna was
an Italian painter
active in Siena,
Tuscany, in the late
13th and early 14th
century. He was
hired throughout
his life to complete
many important
works in
government and
religious buildings
around Italy.
Duccio
Duccio
Giotto

▪ Giotto di Bondone, known

mononymously as Giotto and
Latinised as Giottus, was an
Italian painter and architect
from Florence during the Late
Middle Ages. He worked during
the Gothic/Proto-Renaissance
period.
Giotto
Giotto
Early and High Renaissance (1400–1550

▪ Renaissance means rebirth

▪ Rebirth of classical culture
▪ Gutenberg invents movable type (1447);
▪ Turks conquer
▪ Constantinople (1453);
▪ Columbus lands in New World (1492);
▪ MartinLuther starts Reformation (1517)
Ghiberti’s Doors

▪ Gates of Paradise, Italian Porta

del Paradiso, the pair of gilded
bronze doors (1425–52)
designed by the sculptor
Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north
entrance of the Baptistery of
San Giovanni in Florence. Upon
their completion, they were
installed at the east entrance.
Brunelleschi

▪ Filippo Brunelleschi,
considered to be a founding
father of Renaissance
architecture, was an Italian
architect and designer, and is
now recognised to be the first
modern engineer, planner, and
sole construction supervisor.
Brunelleschi

▪ His major work is the dome of

the Cathedral of Santa Maria
del Fiore (the Duomo) in
Florence (1420–36),
constructed with the aid of
machines that Brunelleschi
invented expressly for the
project.
Botticelli

▪ Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni

Filipepi, known as Sandro
Botticelli, was an Italian painter
of the Early Renaissance.
Botticelli's posthumous
reputation suffered until the
late 19th century; since then,
his work has been seen to
represent the linear grace of
Early Renaissance painting.
The Birth of Venus
The Primavera
Athena and the Centaur
Donatello

▪ Donatello was one of greatest

Italian Renaissance artists,
noted especially for his
sculptures in marble, bronze,
and wood. His sculpted figures
were some of the first since
antiquity to represent anatomy
correctly—though some late
works were slightly
exaggerated—and to suggest a
sense of individuality.
David

▪ Sculpted in bronze, Donatello’s

David rests his foot on the head of
Goliath. Triumph, youthful in its
vigour, languorously feels the
hairs of its slain foe between its
toes; made object through victory
in battle, the cantankerous, aged,
bearded Goliath now lies under
the body of a hairless ephebic
youth — youth is not passive, but
rakishly thoughtful, caught in
repose between action and the
culmination of battle.
Raphael

▪ Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino,

known as Raphael, was an
Italian painter and architect of
the High Renaissance. His work
is admired for its clarity of
form, ease of composition, and
visual achievement of the
Neoplatonic ideal of human
grandeur.
School of Athens
Hidden images
Guns N Roses
Madonna and Child
The Virgin, Jesus and
St. John
Cherubims (Sistine Chapel)
Michelangelo

▪ Michelangelo di Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni, known best
as simply Michelangelo, was an
Italian sculptor, painter,
architect and poet of the High
Renaissance born in the
Republic of Florence, who
exerted an unparalleled
influence on the development
of Western art.
The Pieta
This was the first of a
number of Pietàs
Michelangelo worked
on during his lifetime. It
depicts the body of
Jesus in the lap of his
mother after the
Crucifixion. This
particular scene is one
of the seven sorrows of
Mary used in Catholic
devotional prayers and
depicts a key moment in
her life foretold by the
prophet, Simeon.
 Not only was Pietà the first
depiction of the scene in
Close up of Mary marble, but Michelangelo
also moved away from the
depiction of the Virgin's
suffering which was
usually portrayed in Pietàs
of the time, instead
presenting her with a deep
sense of maternal
tenderness for her child.
Christ too, shows little sign
of his recent crucifixion
with only slightly
discernible small nail
marks in his hands and the
wound in his side. Rather
than a dead Christ, he
looks as if he is asleep in
the arms of his mother as
she waits for him to
awake, symbolic of the
resurrection.
 This is the only
sculpture Michelangelo
ever signed. In a fiery fit
of reaction to rumors
circulating that the
piece was made by one
of his competitors,
Cristoforo Solari, he
carved his name across
Click icon to add picture Mary's sash right
between her breasts. He
also split his name in
two as Michael Angelus,
which can be seen as a
reference to the
Archangel Michael - an
egotistical move and
one he would later
regret. He swore to
never again sign
another piece and
stayed true to his word.
David

▪ David is a masterpiece of
Renaissance sculpture created
in marble between 1501 and
1504 by the Italian artist
Michelangelo. David is a 5.17-
metre (17.0 ft) marble statue of
the Biblical figure David, a
favoured subject in the art of
Florence
▪ David was originally commissioned
as one of a series of statues of
prophets to be positioned along the
roofline of the east end of Florence
Cathedral, but was instead placed
in a public square, outside the
Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of civic
government in Florence, in the
Piazza della Signoria, where it was
unveiled on 8 September 1504. The
statue was moved to the Galleria
dell'Accademia, Florence, in 1873,
and later replaced at the original
location by a replica.
Details of eyes and hand
Sistine Chapel

The Sistine Chapel ceiling,

painted by Michelangelo
between 1508 and 1512, is a
cornerstone work of High
Renaissance art. The ceiling
is that of the Sistine Chapel,
the large papal chapel built
within the Vatican between
1477 and 1480 by Pope
Sixtus IV, for whom the
chapel is named.
The Creation of Man

The Creation of Adam is

a fresco painting by
Italian artist
Michelangelo, which
forms part of the Sistine
Chapel's ceiling, painted
c. 1508–1512. It
illustrates the Biblical
creation narrative from
the Book of Genesis in
which God gives life to
Adam, the first man.
Click icon to add picture
The Last Judgement The Last Judgment
(Italian: Il Giudizio
Universale) is a
fresco by the Italian
Renaissance painter
Michelangelo
covering the whole
altar wall of the
Sistine Chapel in
Vatican City. It is a
depiction of the
Second Coming of
Christ and the final
and eternal
judgment by God of
all humanity.
▪ This is one of the few
portraits Michelangelo
ever painted. Who is it?
Biagio da Cesena, the
papal master of
ceremonies. He is the
devil Minos here in the
Last Judgment picture
on the Sistine Chapel
wall.

▪ Biagio told Pope Julius

within Michelangelo’s
hearing that the big
painting, with all its
nudes, would be more
fitting for a tavern wall
than a chapel. In
revenge Michelangelo
put Biagio’s face on
Minos.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da
Vinci, known as
Leonardo da Vinci, was
an Italian polymath of
the Renaissance whose
areas of interest
included science and
invention, drawing,
painting, sculpture,
architecture, music,
mathematics,
engineering, literature,
anatomy, geology,
astronomy, botany,
paleontology, and
cartography.
Inventor
Parachute
The Vitruvian Man
PLane?
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa

▪ Mona Lisa, also known as La

Gioconda, is the wife of
Francesco del Giocondo. This
painting is painted as oil on
wood. The original painting size
is 77 x 53 cm (30 x 20 7/8 in) and
is owned by by the Government
of France and is on the wall in
the Louvre in Paris, France.
▪ Da Vinci used the sfumato
technique that gives the
painting a hazy atmosphere.
Details
According to a recent
study, the thin veil on
the head of Mona Lisa is
a symbol of her being
pregnant.
Back in the day, women
who wear this veil are
usually expectant
mothers.
The Smile on the other
hand is very mysterious
because the viewer
doesn’t know if she is
about to smile or end a
smile.
Young Mona Lisa
END OF PART 1