CMP 101 Introduction To Computer Science Module 1D

CMP 101
Introduction to
Computer Science
Module 1D
Dr. S. A. Arekete
 1. Discovering Computers Fundamentals
(Your Interactive Guide to the Digital
World) by Gary B. Shelly & Misty E.
Course Vermaat
Recommended  2. Computer Science Illuminated by Neil
Textbooks Dale and John Lewis
 3. Principles of Computer Science
(Schaums Outline Series) by Carl
Reynolds and Paul Tymann
Week Content Coverage
1 The computer, historical development and generations of computers
2 Classification of computers: analogue, digital, hybrid, supercomputers, mainframes,

minicomputers, personal computers
3-4 Component parts, inputs/output, Peripheral devices: printers, CRTs, Keyboards, Optical
Character Recognition
5 Computer memory, storage and processors
6 Operational Amplifiers; Analogue-to-Digital and Digital –to-Analogue Converters.

CMP 101 Work 7
Analogue computers and their major features
Mid-Semester Continuous Assessment Test
Plan 8 Systems software and application software
9 Computer networks and the Internet, Types of computer users, Application of computers.
10-11 Number System: Study of various number systems including binary, octal, hexadecimal,
1’s and 2’s complements, 9’s and 10’s complement, BCD etc. Conversion of one number
system to the other and their programming implementation.
12 Continuous Assessment Test 2
13 Revision
von Neumann
Architecture
 A major defining point in the history of
computing was the realization in 1944-1945
that data and instructions to manipulate the
von Neumann data are logically the same and could be stored
in the same place.
Architecture
 The computer design built around this principle
is known as the von Neumann architecture.
 It is the basis for computers today.
 The main idea of the von Neumann architecture is that
von Neumann the program (instruction) to be executed resides in the
computer’s memory, along with the program’s data.
Architecture..
 John von Neumann published this idea in 1945.
 Today this concept is so familiar it seems self-evident,
but earlier computers were usually wired for a certain
function.
 In effect, the program was built into the construction of
the computer.
von Neumann  Think of an early calculator; for example, imagine an
Architecture.. old hand-cranked mechanical calculator.
 The machine was built to do one well-defined thing.
 In the case of an old hand-cranked calculator, it was
built only to add.
 Put a number in; crank it; get the new sum.
 To subtract, the operator needed to know how to do
complementary subtraction, which uses addition to
von Neumann accomplish subtraction.
Architecture..  Instead of offering a subtract function, the old
calculator required the operator to add the “ten’s
complement” of the number to be subtracted.
 The von Neumann architecture is also
called the “stored program computer.”
 The program steps are stored in the
computer’s memory, and the
Stored computation cycle of the machine
Program retrieves the next step (instruction to be
Computer executed) from memory, completes that
computation, and then retrieves the next
step.
 This cycle simply repeats until the computer
retrieves an instruction to “halt.”
 There are three primary units in the von Neumann
Components computer.
of the von 1. The Memory is where both programs and data are stored.
2. The central processing unit (CPU) accesses the program
Neumann and data in memory and performs the calculations.
Architecture 3. The I/O unit provides access to devices for data input and
output.
Components
of the von
Neumann
Architecture..
Fig. 1: The von Neumann Architecture

 We can also describe the von Neumann architecture
as having five components:
1. The memory unit that holds both data and
instructions
2. The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) that is capable of
Components performing arithmetic and logic operations on data
of the von 3. The control unit (CU) that acts as the stage manager
to ensure that all the other components act in concert
Neumann 4. The input unit that moves data from the outside world
Architecture.. into the computer
5. The output unit that moves results from inside the
computer to the outside world
 Both the ALU and CU forms the CPU or central
processing unit.
 The von Neumann architecture that we
have just examined is hypothetical.
 We have described the five parts that any
Secondary computer built using this design must
Storage have.
Devices  An input device is the means by which data
and programs are entered into the
computer and stored into memory.
 An output device is the means by which
results are sent back to the user.
 Because most of main memory is volatile
and limited, it is essential that there be
other types of storage devices where
programs and data can be stored when
Secondary they are no longer being processed or the
machine is not turned on.
Storage
 These other types of storage devices (other
Devices..
than main memory) are called secondary or
auxiliary storage devices.
 Because data must be read from them and
written to them, each secondary storage
device is also an input and an output device.

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CMP 101

1 The computer, historical development and generations of computers

2 Classification of computers: analogue, digital, hybrid, supercomputers, mainframes,

6 Operational Amplifiers; Analogue-to-Digital and Digital –to-Analogue Converters.

Fig. 1: The von Neumann Architecture

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