Saira Goyal 9 B 19: Name

NAME: Saira
Goyal
CLASS: 9 B
th
ROLL NO. : 19
DISASTERS
WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DISASTERS?
A disaster is defined as a sudden, destructive occurrence that disrupts a
community's or society's functioning and causes human, environmental
damage, economic and material losses. It is greater than the community's or
society's capacity to cope with using its resources. While often caused by nature,
disasters may have human causes. In today's academia, disasters are viewed as
the result of ineffective risk management. These challenges are the result of a
confluence of hazards and vulnerabilities. Hazards that occur in low-
vulnerability areas will never become disasters, as they do in uninhabited
regions.
(VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD) / CAPACITY = DISASTER
Across all of history, natural disasters and military conflict have already marked
human life and triggered peaks in mortality and morbidity.
Types of Disasters
 Disasters are routinely
divided into either "
natural disasters" caused
by natural hazards or
"human-instigated/ Man
made disasters" caused
from anthropogenic hazards
. However in modern times,
the divide between natural,
man-made and man-
accelerated disasters is
quite difficult to draw.
NATURAL DISASTERS
 A natural disaster is "the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard if
it significantly harms a community". A natural disaster can cause loss of life or damage
property, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake. The severity of the
damage depends on the affected population's resilience and on the infrastructure
available. Examples of natural hazards include: avalanche, coastal flooding, cold wave,
drought, earthquake, hail, heat wave, hurricane (tropical cyclone), ice storm, landslide,
lightning, riverine flooding, strong wind, tornado, tsunami, volcanic activity, wildfire, winter
weather.
 In modern times, the divide between natural, man-made and man-accelerated disasters is
quite difficult to draw. Human choices and activities like architecture, fire, resource
management or even climate change potentially play a role in causing "natural disasters".
In fact, the term "natural disaster" has been called a misnomer already in 1976.A disaster is
a result of a natural or man-made hazard impacting a vulnerable community. It is the
combination of the hazard along with exposure of a vulnerable society that results in a
disaster.
 Natural disasters can be aggravated by inadequate building norms,
marginalization of people, inequities, overexploitation of resources, extreme
urban sprawl and climate change. The rapid growth of the world's
population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments
has escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical
climate and unstable landforms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth
proliferation, non-engineered constructions make the disaster-prone areas
more vulnerable. Developing countries suffer more or less chronically from
natural disasters due to ineffective communication combined with insufficient
budgetary allocation for disaster prevention and management.
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
 Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards.

Examples include war, social unrest, stampedes, fires, transport accidents,
industrial accidents, conflicts, oil spills, terrorist attacks, nuclear explosions/nuclear radiation.
 Other types of induced disasters include the more cosmic scenarios of catastrophic
climate change, nuclear war, and bioterrorism.
 One opinion argues that all disasters can be seen as human-made, due to human failure to
introduce appropriate emergency management measures.
 Famines may be caused locally by drought, flood, fire, or pestilence, but in modern times there
is plenty of food globally, and sustained localized shortages are generally due to government
mismanagement, violent conflict, or an economic system that does not distribute food where
needed. Earthquakes are mainly hazardous because of human-created buildings and dams;
avoiding earthquake-generated tsunamis and landslides is largely a matter of location.
MAN- MADE DISASTERS
Major Natural Disasters That Occurred in
India till Date
Uttarakhand Flash Floods
 • Year 2013
• Areas affected: Gobindghat, Kedar Dome, Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand
, Himachal Pradesh, Western Nepal
• Death Toll: 5000 plus
 In the year 2013, Uttarakhand suffered from a major catastrophic natural disaster in
the form of huge and deadly cloudbursts, causing flash floods in River Ganga. Sudden,
heavy rains caused dangerous landslides in Uttrakhand, which killed thousands of
people and thousands were reported missing. The death toll was estimated to be
5,700. The flash floods and landslides continued for 4 days from 14 to 17 June, 2013.
More than 1,00,000 pilgrims were trapped in the valleys that led to the Kedarnath
shrine. Today, Uttarakhand Flash Floods are considered the most disastrous floods in
the history of India.
Casualties and damage
 Among the places most severely hit by the floods are Joshimath, Rini,

Nanda Devi National Park, Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant and Sridhar.[16]
 The disaster left over 200 killed or missing.[4] As of May 2021, "83 bodies and 36
human body parts out of a total of 204 people missing have been recovered so
far."[17] Of the missing and dead, 140 were workers at the Tapovan Hydropower
Plant site.[
Death and Damage at Kedarnath
(Kedar Ghati):
 Due to the floods, damaged several houses and

structures, killing those who were trapped. The heavy
rains resulted in large flash floods and massive landslides.
Entire villages and settlements such as Kedarnath. Over
70,000 people were stuck in various regions because of
damaged or blocked roads. Although the Kedarnath
Temple itself had not been damaged, its base was
inundated with water, mud and boulders from the
landslide, damaging its perimeter. Many hotels around the
temple were destroyed, resulting in several casualties.
Most of the destruction at Kedarnath was caused by a
sudden rapid melting of ice and snow on the Kedarnath
Mountain, 6 km (3.7 mi) from the temple, which flooded
the Charbari lake (upstream) and then Kedarnath.
Rescue Operations:
 he Army, Air Force, Navy, Indo-Tibetan Border Police,

Border Security Force, National Disaster Response
Force, Public Works Department and local
administrations worked together for quick rescue
operations. Several thousand soldiers were deployed
for the rescue missions. Activists of political and
social organizations are also involved in the rescue
and management of relief centers. Helicopters were
used to rescue people, but due to the rough terrain,
heavy fog and rainfall, maneuvering them was a
challenge. Ministers from all over the country are
chipping in with aid, money is flooding the
Uttarakhand Disaster Management and Mitigation
Centre. All this has happened this past week after
massive rains and floods ravaged the Himalayan
State. On June 25, an IAF resue chopper crashed.
Aftermath
 The Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh undertook an

aerial survey of the affected areas and announced ₹10
billion (US$130 million) aid package for disaster relief efforts
in the state.[49] Several state governments announced financial
assistance, with Uttar Pradesh pledging ₹250
million (US$3.3 million),[50] the governments of Haryana,[51]
Maharashtra[52] and Delhi ₹100 million (US$1.3 million) each,
the governments of Tamil Nadu,[53] Odisha,[54] Gujarat,[55]
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh ₹50 million (US$660,000)
each.[56] The US Ambassador to India extended a financial
help of US$150,000 through the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
to the NGOs working in the area [57] and announced that the
US will provide further financial aid of US$75,000. The help
was later politely rejected by Government of India.[
Climate and environmental factors
 A study by Utah State University[67] analyzed the natural

and anthropogenic influences on the climate anomalies
using simulations, and found that (a) northern India has
experienced increasingly large rainfall in June since the
late 1980s, (b) the increase in rainfall appears to be
associated with a tendency in the upper troposphere
towards amplified short waves, and (c) the phasing of
such amplified short waves is tied to increased loading
of green-house gases and aerosols. In addition, a
regional modeling diagnosis attributed 60–90 % of
rainfall amounts in the June 2013 event to post-1980
climate trends.
Thank you

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NAME: Saira

 Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards.

 Among the places most severely hit by the floods are Joshimath, Rini,

 Due to the floods, damaged several houses and

 he Army, Air Force, Navy, Indo-Tibetan Border Police,

 The Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh undertook an

 A study by Utah State University[67] analyzed the natural

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