Contents

Introduction
Cloud Computing at a Glance The
Vision of Cloud Computing
Defining a Cloud
A Closer Look
Cloud Computing Reference
Model
Characteristics and Benefits
Challenges Ahead Historical
Developments
 Contents

Introduction
Cloud Computing at a Glance The
Vision of Cloud Computing
Defining a Cloud
A Closer Look
Cloud Computing Reference
Model Characteristics and
Benefits Challenges Ahead
Historical Developments
 Introduction

• Computing is being transformed into a model consisting of services that are

commoditized and delivered in a manner similar to utilities such as water,
electricity, gas, and telephony. In such a model, users access services based
on their requirements, regardless of where the services are hosted.
• Cloud computing is the most recent emerging paradigm promising to turn
the vision of “computing utilities” into a reality.

• Cloud computing is a technological advancement it is based on the concept

of dynamic provisioning, which is applied not only to services but also to
compute capability, storage, networking, and information technology (IT)
infrastructure in general. Resources are made available through the
Internet and offered on a pay-per-use basis from cloud computing vendors.
 Cloud Computing at a
glance
• In 1969, Leonard , one of the chief scientists of the original ARPANET said:
As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and become
sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’ which, like present
electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices across the country.
• End users leveraging cloud computing services can access their documents and data
anytime, anywhere, and from any device connected to the Internet.
• One of the most diffuse views of cloud computing can be summarized as follows:
I don’t care where my servers are, who manages them, where my documents are stored, or
where my applications are hosted. I just want them always available and access them from
any device connected through Internet. And I am willing to pay for this service for as a long
as I need it
• Web 2.0 technologies play a central role in making cloud computing an attractive opport
unity for building computing systems.
 Vision of Cloud
Computing

• Previously, the lack of

effective standardization
efforts made it difficult to
move hosted services from
one vendor to another.
• Now CCA allows to provision
virtual hardware, runtime
environments, and services.
• The entire stack of
computing a system
transformed intoisa collection
of utilities in hours.
 Vision of Cloud
Computing
• The long-term vision of cloud computing is that IT services are traded as
utilities in an open market, without technological and legal barriers.
• In this cloud marketplace, cloud service providers and consumers, trading
cloud services as utilities, play a central role.
• Many of the technological elements contributing to this vision already exist.
• The capability for Web- based access to documents and their processing
using sophisticated applications is one of the appealing factors for end users.
• Vision of CC for future: It will be possible to find the solution that matches
the customer needs by simply entering our request in a global digital market
that trades cloud computing services.
 Defining a cloud
1. This aspect is also reflected in the definition given by Armbrust:
Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the
Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide
those services.
This definition describes cloud computing as a phenomenon touching on the entire
stack: from the underlying hardware to the high-level software services and
applications.
It introduces the concept of everything as a service, mostly referred as XaaS, where
the different components of a system—IT infrastructure, development platforms,
databases, and so on—can be delivered, measured, and consequently priced as a
service.
The approach fostered by cloud computing is global.
2. U.S. (NIST):
Cloud computing is a model for enabling, convenient, on-demand network access to
a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released
with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
 Defining a cloud
we can define three criteria to discriminate whether a service is
delivered in the cloud computing style:
•The service is accessible via a Web browser or a Web services
application programming interface (API).
•Zero capital expenditure is necessary to get started.
•You pay only for what you use as you use it.

The utility-oriented nature of cloud computing is clearly expressed by

Buyya (Indian Professor in Australia):
A cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a
collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are
dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified
computing resources based on service-level agreements established
through negotiation between the service provider and consumers.
 Review Question

a) What is Cloud in terms of cloud computing?

b) What do you mean by vision (short & long)
c) Differentiate vision & mission (relax & discuss)
d) What is actually distributed in distributed
Systems?
e) Who is Buyya?
f) API ?
 Introduction
Cloud Computing at a Glance The
Vision of Cloud Computing
Defining a Cloud
A Closer Look
Cloud Computing Reference
Model Characteristics and
Benefits Challenges Ahead
Historical Developments
 A closure look

Cloud computing is helping enterprises & governments more effectively and

demand- driven computing systems. Examples:
• Large enterprises can offload some of their activities to cloud-based systems.
• By renting Amazon EC2 and S3 Cloud resources, the Times performed this task in
36 hours, with no additional costs.
• Small enterprises and start-ups can afford to translate their ideas into business
results more quickly, without excessive up-front costs.
• Animoto is a company that creates videos out of images, music, and video
fragments submitted by users.
• System developers can concentrate on the business logic rather than dealing with
the complexity of infrastructure management and scalability.
• End users can have their documents accessible from everywhere and any device.
• Apple iCloud is a service that allows users to have their documents stored in the
Cloud and access them from any device users connect to it.
 A closure look
A bird’s-eye
•viewThe: three major models for deploying and accessing cloud
computing environments are public clouds,
private/enterprise clouds, and hybrid clouds.
•
Public clouds are the most common deployment models in
which necessary IT infrastructure (e.g., virtualized
datacenters) is established by a third-party service
provider that makes it available to any consumer on a
subscription basis.
•
Large organizations that own massive computing
infrastructures in-house. This idea has given birth to the
concept of private clouds as opposed to public clouds.
•Institutions such as governments and banks that have high
security, privacy, and regulatory concerns prefer to build
and use their own private or enterprise clouds.
•
Hybrid clouds have hybrid systems partially composed of
public clouds & which are becoming a common way for
many stakeholders to start exploring the possibilities
offered by cloud computing.
 A Cloud Computing Reference
Model
Classification of CC based on service: IaaS, PaaS & SaaS
Infrastructure-as-a-Service:
• Deliver infrastructure on demand in the form of virtual
hardware, storage, and networking.
•
Virtual hardware is utilized to provide compute on demand in
the form of virtual machine instances.
These
• are created at users’ request on the
provider’s infrastructure, and users are given tools and
interfaces
configure tothe software stack installed in the virtual
machine.
• The pricing model is usually defined in terms of dollars per
hour.
• Virtual storage is delivered in the form of raw disk space or
object store.
• Virtual networking identifies the collection of services that
manage the networking among virtual instances and their
connectivity to the Internet or private networks.
• IaaS services are therefore used to develop scalable
Websites or for back- ground processing.
 A Cloud Computing Reference Model
Platform-as-a-Service :
•
• Solutions are the next step in the stack.
They deliver scalable and elastic runtime environments on
• demand and host the execution of applications.
These services are backed by a core middleware platform
that is responsible for creating the abstract environment
where applications are deployed and executed.
•It is the responsibility of the service provider to provide
scalability and to manage fault tolerance, while users are
requested to focus on the logic of the application
• developed by leveraging the provider’s APIs and libraries.
This approach increases the level of abstraction at which
cloud computing is leveraged but also constrains the user
• in a more controlled environment.
PaaS solutions provide scalable programming platforms
for developing applications and are more appropriate
when new systems have to be developed.
 A Cloud Computing Reference
SaaS: Model
•At the top of the stack, Software-as-a-Service solutions
provide applications and services on demand.
•Most of the common functionalities of desktop
applications are replicated on the provider’s
infrastructure and made more scalable and

accessible through a browser on demand.

• These applications are shared across multiple users
whose interaction is isolated from the other users.
• The SaaS layer is also the area of social networking
Websites, which leverage cloud-based
infrastructures to sustain the load generated by
their popularity.
• SaaS solutions target mostly end users who want to
benefit from the elastic scalability of the cloud
without doing any software development,
installation, configuration, and maintenance.
Summarizing the service
models
 Contents

Introduction
Cloud Computing at a Glance The
Vision of Cloud Computing
Defining a Cloud A Closer Look
Cloud Computing Reference Model
Characteristics and
Benefits
Challenges Ahead Historical
Developments
 Characteristics &
Benefits
Cloud computing has some interesting characteristics
that bring benefits to both cloud service consumers
(CSCs) and cloud service providers (CSPs). These
characteristics are:
1.No up-front commitments
2.On-demand access
3.Nice pricing
4.Simplified application acceleration and scalability
5.Efficient resource allocation
6.Energy efficiency
7.Seamless creation and use of third-party services
 Contents

Introduction
Cloud Computing at a Glance
The Vision of Cloud Computing
Defining a Cloud
A Closer Look
Cloud Computing Reference
Model Characteristics and
Benefits
Challenges Ahead
Historical Developments
 Challenges
Ahead
Challenges’ concerning the dynamic provisioning of cloud computing services and
resources arises.

•IaaS domain: how many resources need to be provisioned, and for how long should
they be used, in order to maximize the benefit? Technical challenges also arise for cloud
service providers for the management of large computing infrastructures and the use of
virtualization technologies on top of them.
•Security: in terms of confidentiality, secrecy, and protection of data in a cloud
environment is another important challenge. Organizations do not own the
infrastructure they use to process data and store information. This condition poses
challenges for confidential data, which organizations cannot afford to reveal.
• Legal issues: These are specifically tied to the ubiquitous nature of cloud computing,
which spreads computing infrastructure across diverse geographical locations.
Countries dispute: Different legislation about privacy in different countries may
• potentially create disputes as to the rights that third parties (including government
agencies) have to your data.
 Contents

Introduction
Cloud Computing at a Glance The
Vision of Cloud Computing
Defining a Cloud
A Closer Look
Cloud Computing Reference Model
Characteristics and Benefits
Challenges Ahead
Historical Developments
 Historical
Development
• The idea of renting computing services by leveraging large distributed
computing facilities has been around for long time.
• It dates back to the days of the mainframes in the early 1950s. From there
on, technology has evolved and been refined. This process has created a
series of favorable conditions for the realization of cloud computing.
• Evolution of the distributed computing technologies that have influenced
cloud computing. In tracking the historical evolution, we briefly review five
core technologies that played an important role in the realization of cloud
computing.
1. distributed systems
2. virtualization,
3. Web 2.0
4. Service orientation
5. utility computing.
Thank You