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    1.introduction Sathwika 024

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    M.sekhar
    Barley is a cereal grain that originated in North America. It provides nutrients like protein, fiber, and minerals. In India, barley is grown on 0.62 million hectares annually, with Rajasthan producing over 30% of the country's barley. Barley plants have fibrous roots, cylindrical hollow stems, and leaves arranged alternately on opposite sides of the stem. The inflorescence is a spike with spikelets in groups of three at each node. Barley can be classified as two-rowed or six-rowed depending on spikelet fertility, and as hulled or hulless depending on whether the chaff adheres to the grain.

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    1.introduction Sathwika 024

    Uploaded by

    M.sekhar
    21 views24 pages
    Barley is a cereal grain that originated in North America. It provides nutrients like protein, fiber, and minerals. In India, barley is grown on 0.62 million hectares annually, with Rajasthan producing over 30% of the country's barley. Barley plants have fibrous roots, cylindrical hollow stems, and leaves arranged alternately on opposite sides of the stem. The inflorescence is a spike with spikelets in groups of three at each node. Barley can be classified as two-rowed or six-rowed depending on spikelet fertility, and as hulled or hulless depending on whether the chaff adheres to the grain.

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    1.Introduction Sathwika 024

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    Barley is a cereal grain that originated in North America. It provides nutrients like protein, fiber, and minerals. In India, barley is grown on 0.62 million hectares annually, with Rajasthan producing over 30% of the country's barley. Barley plants have fibrous roots, cylindrical hollow stems, and leaves arranged alternately on opposite sides of the stem. The inflorescence is a spike with spikelets in groups of three at each node. Barley can be classified as two-rowed or six-rowed depending on spikelet fertility, and as hulled or hulless depending on whether the chaff adheres to the grain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views24 pages

    1.introduction Sathwika 024

    Uploaded by

    M.sekhar
    Barley is a cereal grain that originated in North America. It provides nutrients like protein, fiber, and minerals. In India, barley is grown on 0.62 million hectares annually, with Rajasthan producing over 30% of the country's barley. Barley plants have fibrous roots, cylindrical hollow stems, and leaves arranged alternately on opposite sides of the stem. The inflorescence is a spike with spikelets in groups of three at each node. Barley can be classified as two-rowed or six-rowed depending on spikelet fertility, and as hulled or hulless depending on whether the chaff adheres to the grain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    BARLEY

    Introduction
     Botanical name:Hordeum vulgare L.

     Origin:North America

     Family:Poaceae
    Nutrition Facts
     Cholestrol-0mg
     Sodium-18mg
     Potassium-560mg
     Total Carbohydrate-155.44g
     Dietary fibre-31.2g
     Sugars-1.6g
     Proteins-19.82g
     Calcium-58g
     Iron-5mg
    Area , production and productivity of
    Barley in India
     In India Barley occupied an area of 0.62 million
    ha with a total production of 1.36 million
    tonnes and average national productivity of
    2,172 kg /ha.
     Rajasthan tops Barley area with more than 30%
    of the total area in India.
     The highest productivity was observed in
    Punjab where as lowest was noticed in Jammu
    and Kashmir
    Zone Area(million ha) Production(million Productivity(kg/ha)
    tonnes)
    North
    Uttar Pradesh 0.171 0.362 2117
    Uttarakhand 0.024 0.026 1,750

    Haryana 0.042 0.137 3,262


    Punjab 0.014 0.047 3,357
    Himachal Pradesh 0.012 0.016 764
    Jammu and 0.014 0.008 552
    Kashmir
    East
    Bihar 0.012 0.013 1122
    West Bengal 0.002 0.002 1,412
    Sikkim 0.001 0.001 1,200
    West
    Rajasthan 0.223 0.620 2,774
    Madhya Pradesh 0.085 0.110 1,297
    Botany
     The vegetative portion of Barley plant is similar
    to that of other cereals except that the auricle
    on the leaf are conspicuous . Barley is an
    annual herbaceous plant . Normally its plant
    height varies from 50cm to 150cm.It is highly
    variable so far as its different morphological
    and other characters are concerned.
     The roots are generally fibrous
    ROOTS and non creeping.Depending
    on the soil type and moisture
    availability the lateral spread of
    the Barlry roots usually varies
    from 15 to 30 cm,while depth
    varies from 100 to 200 cm.The
    seminal roots emerge from the
    radical at seed germination and
    adventitious roots from crown
    at plant establishment
    time.Seminal roots develop
    usually 5 to 7 in numberemerge
    from coleorhiza as the seed
    germinate.
     It is cylindrical culm with series
    of five to eight cylindrical hollow
    STEMS internodes distinguished from
    eachother by the nodes or
    joints.The length of culm differs
    depending on the variety and
    growing conditions.Aheight of
    13-153cm has been observed.
     The crown carries several
    culms,a mother shoot and
    usually two to four
    tillers.Tillering is varietal
    character which is influenced by
    soil conditions,level of
    nutrition ,time of sowing .
     In mutant culm varieties,normally only main
    stem is formed.
     Two rowed barleys usually tiller more
    profusely than the six rowed barleys.
     In favourable growing conditions,tillering in
    barley may continue even after ear emergence.
     However late born tillers do not contribute
    towards grain production.
    LEAF
     Single leaf arises from the nodes alternately on
    the opposite side of the stem in distichous
    arrangement.A barley has 5 to 6 leaves.They
    grow upward ,rolled up within the tube of
    other leaf sheaths.Young leaves when looked at
    from above form a spiral in a clockwise
    direction.Each leaf consists of a leaf
    sheath,ligule and long blade.Claws are formed
    as twp lateral projections at the jumction of
    blade and sheath.
     Leaf is glabrous and hairy sheaths are found in
    some varieties.Sheath provide support to
    stem .The last flag leaf is often the smallest of
    all leaves.It encloses the ear within its sheath
    which swells and is called boot.Barley leaves
    have conspicuous central midrib.
     The inflorescence of barley
    is spike at the tip of stem .
    INFLORESCENCE The spike consists of
    spikelets emerging from
    nodes of a rachis. There is a
    group of three spikelets at
    each end of rachis.These
    spikelet groups are
    alternately arranged.Each
    spikelet have two glumes
    and one floret.
     In two rowed barley only central spikelet is
    perfect while lateral ones are imperfect.On the
    contrary in six rowed barley,all 3 spikelets are
    fertile.The glumes bear awns of different
    lengths which may b barbed,semi smooth or
    smooth if they have barbd on their tops.The
    fertile floret carries three stamens and a pistil
    with a single ovule and a plumose stigma.Two
    lodicules are arranged at base of pistil
     Frit is caryopsis attached to
    SEED lemma,palea and rachilla.The
    grains are about 8 to 12mm
    long ,3-4 mm wide and 2-3
    mm thick.Caryopsis consists
    of pericarp,endosperm and
    embryo.Barley grain is
    approximately a spindle
    shaped body tapering at each
    end with a shallow furrow
    running along ventral side.
    Classification of Barley
     Based on fertility of lateral spikelets.

     Based on awns.

     Based on adherence of chaff to grains


    Based on fertility of lateral spikelets
     On basis of arrangement of spikelets on rachis
    and fertility status,it has classified into two
    types namely
     A)Two rowed type:Hordeum distichon L.
     B)six rowed type:Hordeum vulgare
     In two rowed barley ,the two lateral
    spikelets are sterile thus each spike has only
    two vertical rows of kernals ad each spike
    produces 15 to 30 kernals.
     In six rowed barley both the lateral florets are
    fertile but their size may vary from slightly to
    moderately smaller than central floret.In this
    type each spikelet have onefloret with three
    fertile florets attached to one side of rachis and
    three on the other,six vertical rows of kernel
    are usually produced on spike bearing 25 to 60
    kernels.
     On the basis of presence or
    CLASSIFICATION absence of awns in grains it
    BASED ON AWNS has been grouped into
     A)awned type
     B)awnless type.
     Again on basis of nature of
    awn type they are sub
    grouped into
     A)smooth awned
     B)rough awned
    CLASSIFICATION
    BASED ON  1)Hulled(husked)type:In this
    ADHERENCE OF floral glumes i.e, the husk or
    CHAFF TO GRAINS chaff remains adhered to
    grain.This type of barley does
    not thresh free
     Hull-less(naked):It is also
    called as naked type of
    barley.The chaff in this type
    do not adhere to grain and
    therefore the grain can be
    easily seperated on threshing
    as in wheat.

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