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    Stress and Adaptation & Crisis in Illness

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    maria
    Stress and adaptation were discussed, along with the general adaptation syndrome model of stress responses. Stress is defined as any demand that requires a response, and can come from internal or external sources. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three-stage response to stress as alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Relaxation techniques can help manage stress and promote healthy coping. Crisis in illness was also covered, defining a crisis as a sudden stressful event that disrupts homeostasis. The phases of crisis include exposure to stressor, confusion, considering perspectives, and mounting tension beyond one's limits.

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    Stress and Adaptation & Crisis in Illness

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    maria
    95 views42 pages
    Stress and adaptation were discussed, along with the general adaptation syndrome model of stress responses. Stress is defined as any demand that requires a response, and can come from internal or external sources. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three-stage response to stress as alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Relaxation techniques can help manage stress and promote healthy coping. Crisis in illness was also covered, defining a crisis as a sudden stressful event that disrupts homeostasis. The phases of crisis include exposure to stressor, confusion, considering perspectives, and mounting tension beyond one's limits.

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    Stress

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    Stress and adaptation were discussed, along with the general adaptation syndrome model of stress responses. Stress is defined as any demand that requires a response, and can come from internal or external sources. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three-stage response to stress as alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Relaxation techniques can help manage stress and promote healthy coping. Crisis in illness was also covered, defining a crisis as a sudden stressful event that disrupts homeostasis. The phases of crisis include exposure to stressor, confusion, considering perspectives, and mounting tension beyond one's limits.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    95 views42 pages

    Stress and Adaptation & Crisis in Illness

    Uploaded by

    maria
    Stress and adaptation were discussed, along with the general adaptation syndrome model of stress responses. Stress is defined as any demand that requires a response, and can come from internal or external sources. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three-stage response to stress as alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Relaxation techniques can help manage stress and promote healthy coping. Crisis in illness was also covered, defining a crisis as a sudden stressful event that disrupts homeostasis. The phases of crisis include exposure to stressor, confusion, considering perspectives, and mounting tension beyond one's limits.

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    Stress and adaptation

    &
    Crisis in illness
    STRESS (DEFINITION)
    Stress
     is any situation in which nonspecific demand
    requires an individual to respond or take action.
    (selye, 1976)
    The word stress is defined by the oxford dictionary

    as a "state of affect involving demand on physical or
    mental energy
    Stress is a state produced by a change in the

    environment that is perceived as challenging,
    threatening or demanding to the person dynamic
    balance.
    TYPES OF STRESSES:-

     Internal stressors(major life events)


     Physiological stressor

     Psychological stressor

     External (catastrophic)

     Physical stressor
    TYPES OF STRESSES (CONT……..)

    According to duration:

    Acutetime limited
    Chronic intermittent
    Chronic enduring
    RESPONSES TOWARD STRESS

    PHYSILOGICALLY
    EMOTIONALLY

    INTELLECTUALLY

    SOCIALLY
    PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO
    STRESS

    AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

    SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC


    SYSTEM
    FLIGHT FIGHT RESPONSE

    • #INCREASED PULSE * INCREASED


    PERISTALSIS
    #PERIPHERAL VASOCONSTRICTION *INCREASED G.I
    SECRETION
    #INCREASED RESPIRATION
    #DECREASED PULSE
    #DILATATION OF PUPILS FORMATION OF GLYOCOGEN
    #INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR
    MEDULLA OBLONGATA
    MEDULLA OBLUNGATA

    ADRENAL MEDULLA

    PRODUCE EPINEPHRIN &


    NOREPINEPHRIN

    CHANGES CIRCULATION & INCREASES


    B.P, R.R, H.R

    INCREASE SUPPLY TO MUSCLES


    PITUTARY GLAND

    SUPPLIES HARMONE

    Regulate thyroid,
    gland&
    parathyroid
    HELP IN ADAPTATION
    TO STRESS
    MODELS OF STRESS
    (OBJECTIVES)

    o It assist nurses to identify the stressors.


    o It help the nurse to predict individual

    response.
    o Nurse can use this model to assist

    patient in strengthening healthy coping


    & in adjusting unhealthy response.
    MODELS OF STRESS:-

    I. Stimulus based model (by Thomas Holmes &


    Rah in 1967)
    II. Response based model (by Hans selye i.e GAS)
    RESPONSE BASED MODEL
     Stress may considered as response.
     Acc. to Selye stress response is characterized by
    a chain or pattern of physiological events called
    GAS.
     The gas is physiological response of the body
    towards stress.
     It involves the autonomic nervous system

    & the endocrine system


    GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

    STRESSOR....a demand placed on the body that


    requires adjustment and brings about the stress
    reaction.
    3 STAGES

    ALARM
    RESISTANCE
    EXHAUSTION
    GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
    Alarm
    “Fight or Flight” reaction: body mobilizes
    resources to combat threat; activates the
    sympathetic nervous system.
    Resistance

    Enhanced ability to fight stressor via moderate


    physiological arousal; ability to withstand
    additional stressors (e.g., infection) is reduced.

    Exhaustion
    Depletion of resources brings on diseases and disorders (e.g., chronically high heart rate and blood
    pressure increase chances of heart attack and stroke).
    FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
    FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
     increased mental activity
     Dilated pupils
     Bronchiolar dilatation

     Increased respiratory rate

     Increased heart rate


     Increased glucose

     Increased cardiac output, B.P


     Increased blood flow to the

    skeletal muscles
    LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
    CHARACTERSTICS:

    the response is localized. it does


    not involve entire body
    the response is adaptive
    the response is short term
    the response is restorative
    REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE

    this response is a localized response of the CNS


    to pain. it is an adaptive response and protects
    tissues from further damage . the response
    involves a sensory, motor response.

    Example:- reflex removal of hand from a hot


    surface
    INDICATORS OF STRESS
     MENTAL STATE
     Inability to concentrate
     Poor judgment
     Agitation
     Irritability
     Loneliness
    INDICATORS CONTD….
     Constant worrying
     Negativity
     Restlessness
     Quick temper
     Sense of being overwhelmed
     Unhappiness
     Anxiousness
     Inability to relax
    STRESS
    PHYSICAL & BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS

     Headache
     Muscle tension
     Nausea
     Insomnia
     Acne breakout
     Diarrhea
     Loss of sex derive
     Frequently being sick
     Dizziness
     Weight gain
    INDICATORS CONTD….
    Change
     in appetite
    Neglect

    Drug
     use
    Nail biting

    Tooth grinding

    Excessive exercise

    Overreaction

    Sleeping to much or little


    Starting fight

    PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE
     It is also referred to coping mechanism

     Themost imp nursing intervention is to enhance the


    coping mechanism of the disease person

     Mc closkey & bulecheck(1999) identifies “ coping


    enhancement” as a nursing intervention and defined it
    as “assisting a patient to adapt to perceive stressors,
    changes or threats that interfere with meeting demands
    and rules
    ACC TO NURSING RESEARCH (JALOWIEC 1993)

    Trying to be optimistic about the


    outcome
    Using social support

    Using spiritual resources

    Trying to accept the situation

    Trying to maintain control over the


    feelings
    PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE CONTD ……….

     Psychological
    response

    Constructive Destructive
    PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE CONTD ……

    COPING
    STRATEGIES

    Problem
    focused Emotion focused Long term Short term
    DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSE

    • Prolonged stress can affect the


    developmental tasks.
    • It can also lead to maturational crisis.
    • If the parent prevent young child
    from developing a sense of autonomy
    the child may experience stress.
    INTELLECTUAL RESPONSE

     Stress effect the short term


    memory.
     A person ability to acquire new
    knowledge or skills may also
    be impaired.
     The client is unable to learn
    new skills or disease process.
    PROMOTING HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

     Regular exercise
     Adequate rest
     Nutrition diet
     Positive lifestyle
     Stop smoking, alcohol
     Time management
     Meditation
    TEACHING RELAXATION TECHNIQUE
     Quiet environment

     Comfortable position

     Passive attitude

     Progressive relaxation
    TYPES OF RELAXATION THERAPY

     Breathing exercises
     Progressive relaxation
     Imagery
     Yoga
     Meditation
     Therapeutic touch
     Music therapy
     Laughter therapy
    CHANGES RESULTING FROM RELAXATION

     Lowered B.P
     Dec cardiac dysrhythmia
     Dec oxygen consumption
     Dec muscle tension

     Lowered metabolic rate


     Improved concentration

     Improved ability to
     cope with stress
    CRISIS IN ILLNESS

    It is the disturbance caused by


    stressful event or perceived
    stress to self.
    According to lagerquistvent:- a
    sudden event in one’s life
    that disturbs homeostasis,
    during which, usual coping
    CHARACTERISTICS OF CRISIS:-

    According to Caplan & sadock, 1998


     It occur in all individual but not equated by psychopathology
     Its personal by nature, what may be considered a crisis situation
    by one may not be so for others.
     Crisis is acute not chronic
     It contains the potential for psychological growth & deterioration.
    PHASES OF CRISIS
    PHASE 1:Exposure to stressor
    PHASE 2: confusion & disorientation
    PHASE 3: Think on different
    perspectives
    PHASE 4: tension mount beyond limit
    TYPES OF CRISIS:-

    Baldwin 1968 has identified six classes of emotional


    crisis, which progress by degree of severity
    Class 1: Dispositional crisis
    Class 2: Crisis of anticipated life transition
    Class 3: Crisis resulting from traumatic stress
    Class 4: Maturational & developmental crisis
    Class 5: Crisis reflecting psychopathology
    Class 6:Psychiatric emergency
    SUMMARY:-

    Today we have discussed about:-


     Definition of stress

     Sources of stress
     Adaptation model

     Stress management
     Definition of crisis

     Phases & types of crisis


    REFERENCES
    1) Kozier & Erb’s. Text book of fundamental of nursing. 8th edition. Dorling Kindersley
    publication .1067-71
    2) Joyce M. Black. Textbook Medical surgical nursing. 5th edition; saunder’s publication. 21-5
    3) Perry & potter. Textbook fundamental of nursing.5th edition. Elsevier publication. 645-55
    4) Siddhartha & Brunner. Textbook of Medical surgical nursing.10th edition. Lipincott
    publication.80-96
    5) Don land & Smeltzer. Psychiatric essential of clinical practice.2-3
    6) Townsend c. Mary. Psychiatric mental health nursing. Jaypee publication. 5th edition.195-200
    7) Nightingale nursing times ,Vol I,issue-8, Nov 2005; 27
    8) Prism nursing practice, journal of clinical Nsg
    `education,vol-II,no-2 Oct 07; 155:60
    9) The journal of Nursing,Vol I, no I, march 2005; 1:6
    10) Holistic online.com
    11) Healtheducation.co
    12) Google.com
    THANKS

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